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Examines the psychological changes and processes that occur throughout a person's lifespan, including emotional, and social development from infancy to old age.
In this stage, the child does good in order to avoid being punished.
View of human development that sees the individual as inseparable from the social context.
Which is an example of the autonomy versus shame and doubt stage?
The central theme of Erikson's theory of psychosocial stages was the development of:
How did Vygotsky see children?
During a workshop on self-awareness, the facilitator asked the participants to pick one of three colored candies. Based on the color of the candies, the participants have to say something about themselves as follows:
This characteristic of development means that developmental changes occur naturally and in all directions, not in a solid path. Development is a continuity of change that produces gains or losses which will prove to enhance future change
During the sensorimotor stage (birth - 2 years), children tend to do a lot of exploring thus making Piaget refer to them as "little scientists."
Adah can't believe her eyes that when her son and his family arrived from the USA six years after they migrated, her school age grandchildren have grown taller and spoke English like Americans. They also had plenty of ideas about so many things and candidly expressed their views. This situation is an example of what characteristic of development?
TRUE OR FALSE: According to the ecological theory, if the relationships in the immediate microsystem break down, the child will not have the tools to explore other parts of his environment.
When Mika is asked why he should not hit his brother, he responds, "Because Mommy says so and if I do I will get yelled at." Mika's level of moral development fits with which of Piaget's and/or Kohlberg's stages?
The main achievement of children during the sensorimotor stage is -
Two closed, pyramid-shaped beakers containing clearly identical amounts of a liquid are suddenly judged by a child to hold different amounts after one of the beakers is inverted. The child apparently lacks a:
Which of the following BEST defines spiral curriculum?
This is another route to self-efficacy through the art of visualizing yourself behaving effectively or successfully in a given situation.
The child's libido becomes dormant upon reaching the Latency Stage.
This characteristic of development refers to a person's capacity for change.
This factor that contributes to human development pertains to the environment within which the development process takes place.
Who discovered that people can learn new information and behaviors by watching other people, also known as Social Cognitive Theory?
Harlow and Zimmerman's famous experiment showed that infants developing a close bond depending on their hunger satisfaction.
The Ego is the part of the personality that is aware of reality and is in contact with the outside world
The Ego is the part of the personality that is aware of reality and is in contact with the outside world.
This system involves the relationships between the people in the direct environment in one's life.
The degree that a child looks at the person giving care to check how they should respond to something new
Babies whose needs are not met during the Oral Stage may grow up to become nail biters or smokers.
This pertains to inborn traits or characteristics inherited from the biological parents
Schemas enable us to form a mental representation of the world.
If a child struggles to do well in school, what problem might emerge?
Jerome Bruner's cognitive development theory is a
This was defined by Piaget as the basic building block of intelligent behavior - a way of organizing knowledge.
Which of the individuals below is in the generativity versus stagnation stage?
Which statement is most consistent with Bandura's concept of humanity?
For Bruner, the goal of education should be to create
Refers to the interaction where the tutor provides instructions to the child and the child seeks to understand the actions or instructions provided by the tutor.
This level of morality is based on individual rights and justice
At this stage, people begin to account for the differing values, opinions and beliefs of other people
Which of the individuals below is in the identity versus confusion stage?
A child being affected by a parent receiving a promotion at work or losing their job is an example of a macrosystem.
As Shane and Deb are preparing their joint yearly taxes, they consider not reporting income that Deb received. Shane suggests that misreporting their taxes could result in fines and imprisonment. Deb suggests that such consequences would embarrass the family and possibly ruin their children's future. They subsequently decide not to misreport income. In making this decision, Shane reflects the _____ stage of moral development and Deb reflects the _____ stage.
This refers to Jerome Bruner's cognitive development theory itself which means that learning is an active process in which learners construct new ideas or concepts based upon their current/past knowledge and by exploring as opposed to being told about something.
TRUE OR FALSE: The Microsystem involves the relationships between the exosystems in one's life
The _____ is a setting that affects an individual despite the fact that the person is not being an active participant.
This stage of cognitive representation involves an internal representation of external objects visually in the form of a mental image. For example, a child drawing an image of a tree or thinking of an image of a tree would be representative of this stage.
The importance of schemas was most clearly highlighted by:
This stage of cognitive representation involves the encoding and storage of information. There is a direct manipulation of objects without any internal representation of the objects.
The Scaffolding Theory involves the helpful, structured interaction between an adult and a child with the aim of helping the child achieve a specific goal.
The English psychiatrist who presented his first formal statements of ethologically based attachment theory to the British Psychoanalytic Society in 1957 where he argued that mother-child attachment promotes the child's survival by increasing mother-child proximity.
According to Bandura, reinforcement
Piaget's term for organized patterns of thought and behavior used in particular situations
According to the ecological systems theory, a child's development is best understood by examining which of the following?
According to Piaget, children are ______ in constructing their understanding of the world.
This characteristic of development is evidenced by development consisting of biological, cognitive, and socio-emotional dimensions.
This system encompasses the cultural environment in which the person lives and all other systems that affect them.
In adults, attachment towards the child includes responding sensitively and appropriately to the child's needs
(0 to 6 weeks) Many kinds of stimuli, both social and non-social, produce a favorable reaction from the child, such as a smile.
Faridah wears a hijab wherever she goes. This situation falls under which of the following?
According to Bowlby, attachment can be understood within an evolutionary context.
Vygotsky's Theory of Social Development has two important principles: the MKO and the ZPD
Self-efficacy can be built when significant people in our lives such as parents, teachers, managers or coaches communicate to us in order to strengthen our beliefs that we have what it takes to succeed.
In 1877, this significant figure conducted the first systematic study of developmental psychology through detailing the development of his own son's innate forms of communication.
Which of the following provides the best example of the macrosystem as described in Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory?
Jerome Bruner published the study titled Value and Need as Organizing Factors in Perception, in which poor and rich children were asked to estimate the size of coins or wooden disks the size of American pennies, nickels, dimes, quarters and half-dollars.
The model in observational learning is the person who
What are the five levels of environmental influence from intimate to broad?
During a workshop on self-awareness, the facilitator asked the participants to pick one of three colored candies. Based on the color of the candies, the participants have to say something about themselves as follows: Yellow candy: State their names, their companies, and their jobs. Red candy: Narrate a peak moment in their lives as leaders Green candy: Share a dream that they repeatedly have The red candy taps on which part of the mind?
Refers to the speech used to talk to others (typical from the age of two).
This is the characterized by the child's difficulty taking the viewpoint of others.
The yellow candy taps on which part of the mind?
This refers to the knowing that an object still exists, even if it is hidden or cannot be seen by the eyes
Psychologist Albert Bandura is most closely associated with
Infants until 6 weeks are in the indiscriminate attachment stage manifested by the favorable reaction they make to many kinds of stimuli, both social and non-social.
This source of efficacy pertains to influential people in our lives who can strengthen our beliefs that we have what it takes to succeed.
the development of the brain, height and weight, are examples of biological processes that affect human development.
Vygotsky sees the More Knowledgeable Other as the area where the most sensitive instruction or guidance should be given, in order to allow children to develop skills which they will use on their own
At this stage, the child becomes aware of anatomical sex differences, which sets in motion the conflict between erotic attraction, resentment, rivalry, jealousy and fear
This level of morality is based on the physical consequences of actions.
Education, training, and rehabilitation of individuals bank on the capacity of individuals for change. This characteristic of development pertains to which of the following
Beth wants to prevent her husband John from stagnating during middle adulthood. One of the things that she can do is:
According to Kohlberg's model, all of the following statements about moral development are true except -
A child who shares her lunch with a classmate who forgot his falls under which stage?
Which of the following refers to the intense, enduring, social-emotional relationship that develops between a child and a caregiver?
Which technique is LEAST likely to raise self-efficacy?
The Social Development Theory states that development takes place before social interaction; consciousness and cognition are the results of socialization and social behavior
According to Jean Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory, there are five stages of cognitive development.
The concept of Spiral Curriculum involves information being structured so that complex ideas can be taught at a simplified level first, and then re-visited at more complex levels later on.
During the asocial attachment stage, infants enjoy human company and most babies respond equally to any person giving care.
Children's symbolical thinking is manifested by their ability to represent objects with images and words.
ZPD stans for Zone of Proximal Development.
According to Jean Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory, cognitive development is a progressive reorganization of mental processes as a result of biological maturation and environmental experience.
The concept of Spiral Curriculum involves information being structured so that complex ideas can be taught at a simplified level first, and then re-visited at more complex levels later on
Jarred thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are carefully watching him. Kohlberg would suggest that Jarred demonstrates a(n) ________ morality
Low self-efficacy and an unresponsive environment are MOST likely to result in
During 0 to 6 weeks of age, infants have already developed a special preference for a single attachment figure.
Four-month old Kuina smiles and laughs whenever anyone plays peek-a-boo with her. She also goes happily with whoever carries her. But she cries when she wants to be breastfed. In what stage of attachment development is Kuina?
Which of the individuals below is in the intimacy versus isolation stage?
According to Freud, a person who had too strict toilet training may be fixated at the Oral Stage.
Johnny is playing in his crib when his teddy bear Mr. Peeps falls under the crib. Johnny cries knowing that Mr. Peeps exists somewhere. Johnny is demonstrating -
For Vygotsky, knowledge and understanding emerge through:
Cognitive development is a progressive reorganization of mental processes as a result of biological maturation and environmental experience.
Children in the preoperational stage have difficulty taking the perspective of another person. This is known as:
Which of the individuals below is in the integrity versus despair stage?
Andy got married and relocated out of the city temporarily. This situation reflects which of the following systems?
Erik Erikson defined psychosocial as involving:
After 3-month old Ana hit the toy piano bars at the foot of her crib and made a musical sound, she intentionally kicked her feet to hit it. What stage of representation is Ana at?
According to Freud, what is the function of the "ego"?
Konrad Lorenz developed the ethological theory that newborn animals tend to form a bond with their caregiver.
Knowing that someone grew up before TVs existed is an example of understanding someone based on their ______.
Assimilation is the use of an existing schema to deal with a new object or situation.
Ahmira has no problem going to work and leaving her one-year old daughter Jaja with her mother-inlaw, sister-in-law or a nanny because she doesn't show any distress being left with them. Jaja is in what stage of attachment development?
The government of a country is an example of a macrosystem
Dr. Aryan's major research interest is the long-term effects of child-rearing practices on the psychological adjustment of offspring. It is most likely that Dr. Aryan is a(n) ________ psychologist.
Defense Mechanisms are invented by the ego in order to resolve conflict between the Id and the superego
MKO stands for More Knowledgeable Order.
The mesosytem involves the relationships between the microsystems in one's life.
Developmental Psychology focuses on biological, socio-emotional and cognitive processes which affect human development.
No psychosexual issues take place during this stage. The libido is dormant. Freud thought that most sexual impulses are repressed during this stage and sexual energy can be sublimated towards school work, hobbies and friendships
In discovery learning, students perform tasks to uncover what is to be learned.
Family, friends, classmates, teachers, neighbors and other people in your community are under which of the following system?
According to Freud's theory of development, during which stage is children's developmental focus on gender identity?
Piaget's term for the understanding that when a person or object still exists when out of sight:
This stage is from 1 to 3 years of age.
This set of processes that affect an individual's development include the inheritance of genes from parents, the development of the brain, height and weight gains, changes in motor skills, the hormonal changes of puberty, and cardiovascular decline among others.
People at this stage have developed their own set of moral guidelines and principles which may or may not fit the law. The person will be prepared to act to defend these principles even if it means going against the rest of society in the process and having to pay the consequences of disapproval and or imprisonment.
Observational learning is said to take place when an individual
When two microsystems interact, Urie Bronfenbrenner would term this the:
A cornerstone of Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development is that society and culture play a key role in promoting development. What type of perspective is this considered to be?
In order for observational learning to occur, the observer must pay attention to the occurring behavior, be able to remember observed behavior, and be motivated to produce the behavior. Which of the following is missing from the above list?
According to Bruner, children learn best through building on the information they have already mastered with the help of adults or peers who are more knowledgeable in a particular area. This process is called
What do people face during each psychosocial stage that can serve as a turning point in development?
"3 STAGES OF LIFE: TEEN AGE - Have time & energy but no money; WORKING AGE - Have money & energy but no time; OLD AGE - Have time & money but no energy." The above quotation captures what characteristic of development?
Anya wants to take the licensure examination for psychologists. However, she does not feel confident enough to take it because the stress and demand of taking care of her sick father makes her feel drained physically and emotionally. Her situation also prevents her from reviewing for the examination. The source of her efficacy belief is:
It is the difference between what a child can achieve independently and what a child can achieve with guidance and encouragement from a competent person
Refers to the distress level when a child is away from person giving care and the degree of comfort felt on return.
Infant Jed smiles when people talk to him, and even just when the toys hanging over his crib move and make a sound. Jed is in what stage of attachment development?
The macrosystem includes the transitions and shifts in one's lifespan. According to a majority of research, children are negatively affected on the first year after the divorce. The next years after it would reveal that the interaction within the family becomes more stable and agreeable.
At this stage children recognize that there is not just one right view that is handed down by the authorities. Different individuals have different viewpoints.
One example of Projection defense mechanism is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder.
A child with insecure avoidant attachment seeks the attachment figure when distressed.
A child being affected by a parent receiving a promotion at work. This reflects which of the following?
Enactive representation involves the encoding and storing of action-based information in a person's memory.
This comprise culturally determined methods or materials that allow children to use the basic mental functions more effectively/adaptively.
During the concrete operational stage, the child begins to learn to think hypothetically.
This source of efficacy pertains to the state we are in.
According to Piaget, during which stage do children develop the capacity for conservation?
Piaget believed that the thinking of children in the concrete operational stage are characterized by the following, except:
Early adulthood begins in the late teens or early twenties and lasts through the thirties
Private speech is, to a large extent, thinking in pure meanings.
Kevin and his friends dislike their seventh-grade math teacher. They decide to scratch his car in the school parking lot. Kevin knows that this is wrong but doesn't want his friends to think he isn't part of their group. According to Kohlberg, what stage of moral reasoning is Kevin in?
During the formal operational stage, the child begins to have the ability to think about abstract concepts and thinking in a formal systematic way.
Dr. Saji has been doing neurosurgery for 10 years. Today, he will perform his 25th surgery, and he cannot help that bit of anxiety because the patient is his relative. He found peace and confidence in recalling the 24 times that he successfully did it, and in the fact that he always gives his best effort in the performance of his duties. Dr. Saji's source of self-efficacy belief is:
This is a way of adapting or adjusting to the environment through the use of an existing schema to deal with a new object or situation.
Infants indiscriminately enjoy human company during 6 weeks to 7 months old.
According to Jerome Bruner, the aim of education should be to create flexible learners.
The correct sequence of Piaget's stages of cognitive development are
(6 weeks to 7 months) Infants enjoy human company and most babies respond equally to any person giving care. They get upset when an individual ceases to interact with them.
Developmental Psychology does not focus on how people grow and change over the course of a lifetime.
Hans stole the medicine from the pharmacy because his sick wife's life depended on it. In what stage is Hans?
In the study conducted by Rudolph Schaffer and Peggy Emerson, all of the babies were studied in their own home.
This characteristic of development explains that development consists of biological, cognitive, and socio-emotional aspects
What is the gap between a child's capacity to perform a task independently and the potential to perform it with assistance known as?
Erik Erikson's interest in identity was greatly influenced by:
Which of these is MOST likely to increase self-efficacy?
How many stages of psychosocial development did Erikson describe?
The stage that occurs between birth and one year of age is concerned with:
Vigotsky suggests that teachers use cooperative learning exercises where less competent children develop with help from more skillful peers - within the zone of proximal development.
A teacher applying discovery learning
TRUE OR FALSE: The mesosystem involves the relationships between the microsystems in one's life.
Fred was on the verge of resigning from his work due to his perception that his supervisor was not recognizing his efforts. However, his wife and his father encouraged him to hang on because they believe that he had the necessary soft and hard skills to keep growing on the job. Fred heeded their advice and gave his job his best. One year later, he was promoted as unit supervisor. Fred's efficacy belief originated from:
Iconic representation involves the storage of information in the form of a code, such as language.
Laura wants to develop baby James' ability to trust. An example of the things she should do is:
What is the function of the "superego"?
Why is the microsystem the most influential environmental level in a person's life?
Which of the following is true about Scaffolding?
The father of the ecological systems theory.
A process in which teachers and students collaborate in learning and practicing the skills of summarizing, questioning, clarifying, and predicting.
Vygotsky's theories feed into many current interests except for:
Lev Vygotsky coined the term "scaffolding" to describe the way children often building on the information they have already mastered.
TRUE OR FALSE: Relationships in a Microsystem are non-directional.
Evelyn wants to ensure that her nephew Orlando acquires a sense of identity and develop virtue. She should
Your reactions to the people in your microsystem will affect how they treat you in return.
A process in which a teacher or more advanced peer helps to structure or arrange a task so that a novice can work on it successfully.
According to Bruner, discovery learning implies that students construct their own knowledge for themselves through exploring ideas
This stage takes place from birth until the first year of life.
The red candy taps on which part of the mind?
(10 months and onwards) The baby becomes increasingly independent and forms several attachments.
This stage of cognitive representation is when information is stored in the form of a code or symbol such as language. Each symbol has a fixed relation to something it represents. For example, the word 'dog' is a symbolic representation for a single class of animal.
This refers to thinking before imitation. This occurs between observing the behavior and imitating it or not.
Which of the following is an example of observational learning?
It is a time of adolescent sexual experimentation, the successful resolution of which is settling down in a loving one-to-one relationship with another person
Charles Darwin published his book The Mind of the Child which was based on his observations of his son.
The processes through which children internalize meaning in social interaction and organize it in an internal psychological system
This characteristic of development pertains to the setting within which development takes place as influenced by historical, economic, social, and cultural factors.
Iconic Mode of Represetation is where information is stored visually in the form of images.
The lasting psychological connectedness between human beings.
Cognitions are the basic building blocks of such cognitive models, and enable us to form a mental representation of the world.
This refers to the children's ability to work things out internally in their head (rather than physically try things out in the real world)
The attachment between the child and the caregiver has to be reciprocal. One person may have an attachment to an individual while the other may not.
This stage is where the child or individual recognizes law and order as the primary source of morality.
Reciprocal teaching refers to the contemporary educational application of Vygotsky's theories
A process in which group members with different levels of ability work together so that more advanced peers can help less advanced members operate within their ZPD.
This refers to individuals' beliefs about their ability to succeed at a task.
The ability to imitate a behavior can be limited by abilities to copy the behavior.
The unconscious mind can verbalize about your conscious experience and you can think about it in an logical fasion.
After Sai learned that penguins can't fly, she had to modify her existing concept of birds. This best illustrates the process of -
Jose knows that when he goes out to dinner he needs to follow certain rules and mind his manners at the table. Such standards are an example of:
Refers to a measure of a child's response to the arrival of a stranger.
Vygotsky places more emphasis on culture affecting cognitive development. He assumes that cognitive development varies across cultures, whereas Piaget states cognitive development is mostly universal across cultures.
Attachment theory states that a strong emotional and physical attachment to at least one primary caregiver is critical to personal development.
According to Jerome Bruner, the outcome of cognitive development is
This is from 5 or 6 to puberty
Mary is carefully studying how her classmate demonstrated the dance steps before she performs them. What Mary is doing mentally is called:
Sharif has great confidence in himself as a masseur. However, the economy in his city has recently turned downward, and few people cannot afford a masseur. When Sharif applies for a job at a spa, he will likely have high ______ and low _____.
In this stage of moral development, the child does good things in order to be seen as a good person by others.
According to Bruner, discovery learning implies that students construct their own knowledge for themselves through exploring ideas.
In 1882, developmental psychology emerged as a specific discipline when this German physiologist published the book, The Mind of the Child, where he described the development of his own daughter from birth to two and a half years.
Object permanence is knowing that an object still exists, even if it is hidden.
During which stage is children's developmental focus on studies?
This level of morality is based on the norms of the group to which the person belongs.
This stage of cognitive representation involves the encoding and storage of information. There is a direct manipulation of objects without any internal representation of the objects
Cyan became a paraphlegic after meeting with an accident during paragliding. Watching other PWDs on YouTube driving, working, engaging in various productive activities makes him firmly believe that he, too, possesses the capabilities to perform the activities. The source of Cyan's efficacy belief is:
Maria's mother threw her a birthday party where her relatives, friends, classmates, and teachers attended. This situation reflects which of the following systems?
The crisis that arises in young adulthood is concerned with:
Dr. Katsuki is a psychologist who uses observational learning to help parents reduce aggressiveness in their children. The first step that he recommends is that parents
The link between the child's home and their school is an example of the _______ in Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory
The libido now becomes focused on the anus and the child derives satisfaction from defecating.
According to Bruner, the Iconic Representation involves storing of information in the form of a code or symbol, such as language. The words and symbols are abstractions, they do not necessarily have a direct connection to the information.
The accurate and helpful response to a baby's signals.
Developmental Psychology did not immediately begin as a discipline.
FILL IN THE BLANK: The Macrosystem encompasses _____ in which the person lives.
Late Adulthood is a time of life review, retirement and new social roles.
(7 to 9 months) The baby looks to particular people for security, comfort and protection.
Which perspective views human development as being shaped by unconscious forces?
Cognitive growth involves an interaction between basic human capabilities and "culturally invented technologies that serve as amplifiers of these capabilities."
Rose wants to develop her son's sense of autonomy, instead of shame and doubt. She should:
Nat was busy playing with Lego bricks but when he noticed that his mother was not around, he started crying and he was inconsolable. He stopped only when his mother returned and carried him.
Equilibration is when an existing schema does not work and thus needs to be changed to deal with a new object or situation.
People's expectations that they are capable of performing a behavior that will produce desired outcomes in any particular situation is called
IDENTIFICATION:_____ It includes the transitions and shifts in one's lifespan. This may also involve the socio-historical contexts that may influence a person.
Speech directed to the self and serves an intellectual function (typical from the age of three).
This involves adopting observed behaviors, values, beliefs and attitudes of another person.
An example of enactive representation is a baby remembering how to shake a rattle.
The American psychologist who coined the term scaffolding is -
The Ego can guide the individual towards socially acceptable behavior.
A person who breaks a law she perceives as unjust, such as civil-rights advocates did in the 1960s, is in
According to Bruner, even the most complex material, if properly structured and presented, can be understood by very young children. Complex ideas can be taught at a simplified level first, and then re-visited at more complex levels later on. This concept refers to
This is from 3 to 5 or 6 years of age.
Most education institutions in the world provide education opportunities from preschool until post-graduate education in cognition of the varying learning needs throughout the ages. What characteristic of development does this government stance take into accou
Which of Piaget's stages is associated with adolescence?
Which of the following was added by Bronfenbrenner as a fifth system?
This source of self-efficacy is about seeing people (role models) similar to ourselves succeed by their sustained effort raises our beliefs that we too possess the capabilities to master the activities needed for success in that area
Children who have Disorganized Attachment engage in stereotypical behaviors.
Albert Bandura's famous Bobo Doll Experiment focused on what type of social behavior?
According to Lev Vygostky, learning begins with an action, feeling, and manipulating.
This is a source of self-efficacy pertaining to the state a person is in including stress reactions or tension, or positive emotions.
The "bioecological" approach to human development broke down barriers amongthe social sciences, and built bridges between the disciplines that have allowed findings to emerge about which key elements in the larger social structure, and across societies, are vital for optimal human development.
All of the following statements are true except -
Speech that takes on a self-regulating function. It is to a large extent thinking in pure meanings (typical from the age of seven).
Two containers hold the same amount, but Jane thinks that the taller, skinnier glass holds more. This is known as:
This is a mediational process in which the extent to which we notice a behavior affects the likelihood of the behavior being imitated.
Freud argued that the individual's personality should be in a state of dynamic equilibrium (balance), and humans may suffer from psychological difficulties if there is too much id, superego or a weak ego
This refers to the force which drives the learning process as we do not like to be frustrated and will seek to restore balance by mastering the new challenge.
In 1905, Freud proposed that psychological development in childhood takes place in a series of fixed changes.
Attachment Theory states that infants seek close proximity with their caregivers because they seek security and comfort
This source of efficacy pertains to the experience of success or failure in doing a task or controlling an environment To have a resilient sense of self-efficacy requires experience in overcoming obstacles through effort and perseverance.
This source of self-efficacy has to do with success in mastering a task or controlling an environment whereas a failure will undermine that efficacy belief. To have a resilient sense of self-efficacy requires experience in overcoming obstacles through effort and perseverance
The outcome of cognitive development is thinking.
Emma was going to audition for a dramatic role in a stage play. In order to give a good performance, she created a drama scenario with herself playing the role of an orphaned daughter. Playing the image in her mind gave her the confidence to act during the audition. The source of Emma's efficacy was:
Joey is watching a horse race. He knows that his dog at home has four legs, a tail, and fur. When he sees the horses, he shouts out "Doggies." Joey is demonstrating -
According to Kohlberg, everyone achieves all the stages of moral reasoning.
he concept of Spiral Curriculum involves information being structured so that complex ideas can be taught at a simplified level first, and then re-visited at more complex levels later on.
A strong emotional and physical attachment to at least one primary caregiver is critical to personal development.
The will to imitate a behavior is also based on rewards and punishment that follow a
The study involving young children and a Bobo doll found that
This is a mediational process in which the extent to which we remember a behavior affects the likelihood of it being imitated later by the observer.
This way of adapting or adjusting to the environment happens when the existing schema is changed in order to deal with a new object or situation
A child hiding a toy so he doesn't have to share it with the other kids falls under which of the following stages?
this theory explains that personality results from the interaction of an individual's thoughts with inner qualities, self-beliefs, and environmental cues.
TRUE OR FALSE: The Macrosystem can have either a positive or negative impact on a person's development depending on his or her cultural environment.
Vygotsky postulates that learning cannot be seperated from its social context.
According to Piaget's theory of Cognitive Development, during which stage do children develop the capacity for conservation?
Which of the activities below best demonstrates discovery learning: When there is some disagreement during class, the teacher should ________.
Which of the following is one way a teacher can model a skill or behavior?
IDENTIFICATION:____ It refers to a setting that does not involve the person as an active participant, but still affects him/her. This includes decisions that have bearing on the person, but in which they have no participation in the decision-making process.
Attachment in children is usually manifested by seeking proximity with the attachment figure when upset or threatened.
According to the Ecological Systems Theory, which of the following affects a person's development the most?
Spiral Curriculum requires students to construct their own knowledge for themselves.
Incorporating new information into your existing ideas is a process known as:
According to Freud, which of the following is the function of the "id"?
Bandura believes that learning
The mesosystem is the direct environment we have in our lives.
This source of efficacy pertains to seeing people (role models) similar to ourselves succeed by their sustained effort, and raising our beliefs that we too possess the capabilities to master the activities needed for success in that area.
According to Sigmund Freud, during this stage, the libido is centered in a baby's mouth. It gets much satisfaction from putting all sorts of things in its mouth to satisfy the libido, and thus its id demands.
What level of Kohlberg's moral reasoning have adolescents reached when they set their own internal standards for behavior?
The Ecological Systems theory states that we are mere recipients of the experiences we have when socializing with the people in the microsystem environment.
Children with Avoidant Attachment show a clear preference for the caregiver (e.g., avoiding strangers).
The developmental period of transition from childhood to early adulthood starts at 3-5 years and ends at 18-22 years.
Older adults who have already stopped learning are more flexible and are more capable of engaging in more adaptive behaviors.
According to Vygotsky, language develops social interactions.
This characteristic of development explains that development progresses through a span of time with different points in the life of a person.
The school board passes a new rule that limits the number of students allowed in each classroom in order to enhance teacher-student relationships. This is an example of which of Bronfenbrenner's environmental systems?
Which of the following is NOT one of the four elements of observational learning?
The direct environment people have in their lives with which there is direct social interactions.
This is the child's understanding that something stays the same in quantity even though its appearance changes
The early developmentalists focused on the mind of the child.
The ability to think abstractly and systematically solve problems emerges during the:
In the Phallic Stage, the child becomes aware of anatomical sex differences, which sets in motion the conflict between erotic attraction, resentment, rivalry, jealousy and fear.
Successfully completing the eighth stage of psychosocial development leads to the emergence of what quality?
John Bowlby defined attachment as a "lasting psychological connectedness between human beings."
A child who refuses to help a classmate cheat falls under which of the following stages?
Social cognitive theory relates to learning by:
During Piaget's Sensorimotor stage, what is the ability to flexibly altering existing schemas into new schemas called?
According to Sigmund Freud, the ego dwells in the conscious mind.
According to Kohlberg people can only pass through the levels of moral reasoning in the order that he listed.
In 1882, developmental psychology emerged as a specific discipline when Wilhelm Preyer published a book where he described the development of his daughter from birth to two and a half years. The title of the book was:
This factor that contributes to human development pertains to the process of biological inheritance and maturation.
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Related SubjectTheories of Personality
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