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A diagnostic imaging technique that uses low-dose X-rays to detect and diagnose breast abnormalities, aiding in the early detection of breast cancer.
A malignant breast lesion can appear on a mammogram:
The advantage of the molybdenum target over the tungsten target for Mammography is its ability to produce:
If WW = 500 and WL = 500, what image pixel values are displayed?
In order to improve positioning capability for the Craniocaudal projection on a kyphotic patient, which alternate projection should be performed?
According to standards, where are the view markers placed when doing a mammogram?
Spot compression/coned-down views can:
Image
During a mammographic evaluation the radiographer does not have a responsibility to:
What age group is at the greatest risk for radiation-induced breast cancer?
check compression device
Which of the following is NOT required on the Medical Report?
Stereotactic guided core needle biopsy:
What quadrant is 1:00 in the left breast
Architectural distortion is most often found in cases of:
The physical boundaries of the breast include superior to the clavicle, medial to the sternum, inferior to the inframammary crease, and lateral to the midaxillary line.
50% of all breast cancers occur in which quadrant?
Which of the following would be the greatest risk factor for breast cancer?
Which TWO materials are used as anode target materials in mammography?1. Aluminum 2. Rhodium 3. Beryllium 4. Molybdenum
During pregnancy and throughout lactation, the breast has an increased amount of:
What effect does beam restriction have on the quality of the mammography image?
Which of the following would be considered major risk factors for breast cancer?1. Family history (mother, sister) of breast disease2. First of three pregnancies at age 223. Previous treatment for breast disease
How frequently should breast self-examination be performed?
Breast cancer accounts for ____% of malignancies in men.
Lymph node enlargement, nipple inversion, nipple discharge, skin thickening, and breast lumps are ALWAYS a sign of breast cancer.
darkroom cleanliness
Artifacts oriented parallel between 2 films after processing that have been run perpendicular and parallel to the direction of film travel are caused by problems in
How many days does a facility have to notify a woman of her screening mammogram results following her screening mammogram?
Where is beam limitation most critical?
What brightness is recommended by the ACR for mammographic film illuminators?
Fibroadenomas:
Lobular carcinoma accounts for approximately what portion of all breasts carcinomas?
Which additional position/s should be performed to determine milk of calcium?1. Tangential 2. Roll (RL or RM) 3. ML 90 or LM 90
The tissue type that attenuates the x-ray beam the least is:
"Camel's nose" refers to a mammogram which:
in the correct order with largest number of pixels to the smallest:
On which projection would the technologist check the medial and lateral aspects of the breast for the proper amount of compression?
Which of the following are primary signs of breast cancer?1. numerous microcalcifications2. skin thickening and retraction3. dense mass of irregular shape
DCIS is an acronym for:
Which of the following positions are recommended for a complete study of the augmented breast?1. Routine CC & MLO 2. Modified CC & MLO (push back, Eklund) 3. 30 degree oblique
The digital detector can also function as the AEC.
Which of the following breast conditions is considered malignant:
Repeat rate will decrease with FFDM mainly because of:
Image processing that smoothes the image will have what effect on image noise and detail?
What is an adequate range of force for a compression device?
Of the tissues types that make up the breast, which is the most radiosensitive?
When should breast self-examination performed?
When using a phototimer, if a plus density setting is used, which of the following will occur?1. reduction focal spot size2. increase in mA3. increase in exposure time
Extended cycle processing vs. Standard cycle processing:
Possible causes of poor film screen contact include which of the following?1. Trapped air 2. Warped cassettes 3. Foreign bodies with-in cassettes
BSE should be performed monthly by all women beginning in their 20's
The storage conditions of processed films should have a relative humidity of
According to MQSA guidelines, how many continuing education credits are necessary for a mammography technologist to obtain in mammography
What is the typical SID for mammographic imaging?
The x-ray interaction that provides the contrast for the radiograph is:
Which anatomical structures typically develop in the male breast?
What material is used in the x-ray tube's window allow photons to pass through?
In flooded replenishment, the starter is added to:
The film for the weekly phantom test is taken from
Currently what are the statistics of how many women will develop breast cancer over their lifetimes
A broken parallel set of calcifications will most likely be located in:
Which projection would best demonstrate fluid levels in the erect patient?
The main advantage of half-field geometry is:
A Mammotome is:
Mammography films show breast calcifications better than chest x-rays because of:
For the MLO view, the best angle of the tube is:
The incidence of breast cancer in men ____.
Stereotactic imaging implies the use of:
Blurring of a mammogram image can be caused by:
What percent voltage ripple occurs with a high frequency generator?
Which of the following minimum requirements applies to the Phantom test in order to pass the evaluation
Male breast carcinoma accounts for approximately what portion of all breast carcinomas?
Which of the following determines the level of radiographic contrast displayed on mammograms?
Which of the following conditions is most likely to be associated with an abnormal galactogram?
A characteristic associated with gynecomastia is ____.
Which of the following positions may be required for a complete mammographic study of a patient after a mastectomy?1. MLO of skin of affected breast 2. CC and MLO of uneffective breast3. Axillary view of affected breast 4. Spot view of any area of concern
In order to minimize patient discomfort, how should compression be applied?
Compared to open surgical biopsy, ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy:
The following are all breast interventional procedures except:
When a lesion has been entirely removed (resected) as seen on the post core needle biopsy stereotactic images, what must be done before the patient is released from the stereotactic unit?
Plus density artifact bands running parallel to the direction of film travel are caused by:
Aluminum filters are not used in mammography because of:
The maximum amount of automated compression allowed by the ACR is:
A smaller anode angle results in a _____ field size and is used with the _____ focal spot.
The automatic exposure control (AEC) may be used for all of the following EXCEPT:
Any electrical charge remaining in the detector after image data readout is referred to as:
The primary purpose for using grids in mammography is to:
A mammography technologist may not count which of the following toward her MQSA performance requirement of 200 mammograms every 2 years
The actual focal spot is always _______ the projected focal spot.
Proper compression of the breast is indicated by which of the following?
Reciprocity failure occurs when:
The area between the breast and the pectoral muscle is the:
The “preferred” limits on a Processor Quality Control Chart for MD (mid density) are which of the following:
Which detector type converts x-ray energy directly into electrical charge?
About _____% of male breast cancer patients are treated by mastectomy.
Which of the following may be achieved with magnification views of the breast?
Ideally, when is the best time to perform processor sensitometry?
What is the approximate increased likelihood of developing breast cancer for the woman with a family history of breast cancer?
The reason(s) for performing BSE include:
The word "orthogonal" is best described as:
Which is NOT an advantage of compression?
Using a 5M-pixel monitor to display 100 micron (0.1 mm) pixels, what is the FOV?
Choose all of the correct functions of a digital detector:
The only task NOT required of the RT is:
Which of the following is the primary reason for breast compression?
The ____ view is an alternative for the Cranio-caudal view and may be substituted.
What percentage of mammographic images of malignant disease present microcalcifications?
A predisposition to breast cancer is inherited in ____.
Good breast compression is important because it:
The crossover procedure is:
The area of the breast that is not visualized on the CC view is:
Magnification views have __________ exposure times than/as routine mammography.
Low contrast detectability can be improved by ________ the image.
What is the condition of the detector if the radiation exposure is too high:
Under MQSA guidelines, which of the following represents the minimum number of mammograms a mammography technologist must perform in a 2 year period?
A grid is not required during magnification mammography because of:
Which of the following primary signs of breast cancer, evident on a mammographic image, would indicate the disease at the earliest possible time?
How does increasing the radiation dose affect the image noise?
If microcalcification clustering is present on routine screening views what is the best next step?
Implant displaced views:
The purpose of adding starter to fresh chemicals is:
Radiation dose for FFDM will always be lower than for screen-film mammography:
To reduce the patient's radiation dose during pre-operative needle localizations, which of the following can be done:
Changing from the moly to the rhodium filter ______ the x-ray beam energy.
check viewboxes and viewing conditions
The size of the effective focal spot to the actual focal spot is related to
A man's likelihood of developing breast cancer is increased by ____.(1) Klinefelter syndrome (2) childhood radiation of the chest(3) family history of breast cancer
The final MQSA regulations went into effect
Analog-to-digital (A to D) conversion occurs _________ image processing.
Radiation dose with a screen is about ___ times the dose of direct film mammography.
To improve the appearance of the specimen on film, one can:
The phosphors most commonly used for mammography screens emit light in what color?
How many years do mammography films need to be kept for if the woman is a returning patient?
To decrease image noise you should do what to the radiation dose?
Forthe Cranio-caudal projection, the mammographer should stand on ____.
In order to perform successful magnification mammography, what criteria must be met?
The characteristics of microcalcifications associated with malignancy include which of the following?1. Fine size 2. Clustered appearance3. Round shape 4. Very numerous calcifications
To increase exposure slightly when the AEC’s tracking ability is sub-optimum:
If a facility receives a Level 2 citation upon an annual FDA inspection, how many days does the facility have to correct the problem?
Compared with routine mammographic imaging, what effect will magnification studies have on patient dose?
The majority of glandular tissue exists in groups known as:
Abasic rule in male breast radiography is ____.
For the mediolateral oblique (MLO) projection, the technologist should place the image receptor:
The most common characteristic symptom of a male with breast cancer is ____.
Mild cases of gynecomastia will be visualized on the mammogram as a small circumscribed density ____.
Indicate the projection described by the following positioning instructions: The tube assembly is vertical (x-ray beam perpendicular to the floor) and the tube is angled 5 degree in a lateral to medial direction. The erect atient faces the image receptor and is slightly rotated medially. The inferior aspect of the breast is on the image receptor. The central is directed to the midpoint of the image receptor (may be slightly lateral to the nipple).
Use of a grid _____ contrast and ______ radiation dose.
Correct use of vigorous compression will lower patient dose because of decreased:
The most important factor influencing prognosis in male breast cancer ____.
When performing BSE, which of the following should be done?
What should be done first if the nipple is rotated up or down instead of in profile?
What portion of the breast is best demonstrated on the Axially Tail view
What is the typical range of kVp used in mammography?
The breasts are separated from the pectoral muscle by a layer of retromammary:
The base of the breast is considered to:
Why is the breast specimen radiographed?
Choose the correct equation:
When using automatic exposure control (AEC) for mammography, which of the following must be applied?
In mammography facilities in the United States, ACR accreditation is applied for every
A simple cyst will show on ultrasound:
During pre-operative needle localizations, the amount of compression used should be equal to that of the routine mammogram.
When a combination of single emulsion film and single screen is used, how should the screen and film be aligned?
Which view would be most useful in determining whether calcification are within the skin rather than within the breast parenchyma?
The tissue type that attenuates the x-ray beam the most is:
Core biopsies of the breast are performed with a ____ gauge needle?
A mammographic image that appears to be properly penetrated but slightly underexposed should be corrected by altering which variable?
Breast cancers arise in which type of tissue?
Which link in the mammographic imaging chain is the Phantom Image test monitoring?
The core specimens should be radiographed when the biopsied lesion:
The base of the breast and the inframammary crease are one and the same.
What is the correct height of the image receptor in relation to the breast for routine CC projection?
Removal of unwanted, unexposed silver bromide on film happens in the:
Output for a FFDM system includes: (choose all correct answers)
Which two items are used in mammography to reduce scattered radiation?1. Stationary grid 2. Air gap 3. Moving grid 4. Lead shielding
The Mid-density (MD) on the processor quality control chart is chosen by the step closest in density to
The ACS does not recommend routine mammograms for women below the age of:
MQSA stands for:
What is (are) the benefit(s) of a high frequency generator in mammography?
Match the following description with the correct projection: The tube assembly is rotated to a 90 degree position from vertical (x-ray beam is parallel to the floor). The patient is erect and the arm on the side being examined is at the right angle to the body. The edge of the image receptor is along the sternum and central ray is directed perpendicular to the image receptor from lateral to medial.
perform processor QC
If films are requested on a mastectomy patient (one side affected). What views would you take?1. Routine projections - CC and MLO 2. MLO of the skin over the mastectomy site3. Spot view of any area of concern 4. AP view of Axillary
Extended processing involves:
Recommended film storage conditions are: ___ relative humidity and ___ degrees F.
The most common type of breast cancer in the male is ____.
The overall advantage of using automatic exposure control (phototimer, AEC’s) is the ability to automatically compensate for:
Correct placement of the breast onto the image receptor for CC projection requires:
Which of the following positions is/are most helpful in demonstrating tissue in the 12:00 or 6:00 position?
Which combination of procedures is most effective for early detection of breast cancer?1. breast self-examination 2. physical examination 3. mammography
The control limits on a phantom chart for the density difference (DD) are which of the following
Artifacts oriented perpendicular between 2 films after processing that have been run perpendicular and parallel to the direction of film travel are caused by problems in
All chemical reactions depend on all of the following EXCEPT:
A pneumocystogram starts with aspiration of most or all of the fluid from a cystic lesion. Which of the following is then injected into the lesion just before the pneumocystogram films are done?
____ is a characteristic most likely associated with carcinoma.
The principle reason for the use of mammography in male patients is to distinguish ____.
In which of the following life stages would the breast contain the LEAST amount of adipose (fat)tissue?
The breast attenuates what percentage of incident x-rays.
Processor roller marks that show up as artifacts running perpendicular to the direction of film travel are called
A common temporary benign enlargement of the male breast is ____.
Which of the following positions or techniques is used to demonstrate tissue that has been superimposed on another position?
Ductal carcinoma can present with findings of:
The most commonly used magnification factor for mammography is:
It is necessary for the technologist to diagram which of the following:
The spread of malignant cancer cells from the primary tumor to distant an area of the body is termed:
All mammography films, no matter the manufacturer are
Which view would best demonstrate the deep medial aspect of the beast?
Thepatient’s ____ is likely to obstruct the X-ray beam when the obese patient ispositioned for theCaudo-Cranial(FB) view.
The developer temperature should be kept within how many degrees of the processor manufacturer’s recommendation?
Which of the following should the technologist complete before obtaining the mammogram images?1. Record the exposure factors to be used on the patient’s film file2. Review the patient’s personal history form with the patient3. Review the patient’s previous mammogram images, (if available)
The maximum MQSA-allowed radiation dose per exposure for a 4.2 cm average breast is:
For magnification mammography, what is the maximum size the focal spot should be?
Characteristics of calcifications associated with benign growths include which of the following?1. Smooth borders 2. Presence in clusters 3. Round shape 4. Numerous microcalcifications
The effective focal spot is always largest on the _____ side of the field.
The amount of obliquity (rotation of the C-arm) used to perform the mediolateral oblique projection varies from patient to patient. However, the average degree of obliquity is:
Subjecting processed films to high temperatures and low humidity (below 30%) can result in which of the following
Typically, the breast is situated on the thorax between the levels of the:
How should the patient’s arm on the side being examined be positioned for the CC projection?
Where should identified markers be placed on the image receptor for the MLO and 90 lateral projection?
What quadrant is 2:00 in the right breast
What quadrant is 5:00 in the right breast
Which is NOT considered curative breast surgery?
If processing artifacts are more severe when the film is run emulsion side up, the artifacts may be caused by:
Which of the following is the most serious citation a facility can obtain upon an FDA annual inspection
A grid may be used when performing magnification.
The anatomic structures that support the breast are the:
An adult male with a suspicious mammogram and a firm unilateral nodule will be advised by his physician to ____.
The typical placement of the intensifying screen, when a single screen is employed, is with the:
Infiltrating ductal carcinoma accounts for ____% of male breast cancer.
BSE should be done in a random pattern using the fingertips.
What is the average focal film distance (FFD) available on dedicated Mammography units?
Current treatment for localized breast carcinoma with minimal disfiguration includes:
What is the primary reason for performing magnification mammography?
The projection that best demonstrates the posterior portion of the breast, including the axillary tail, is the:
Which of the following should influence the length of the time between screening examinations on asymptomatic patients?1. If the patient performs BSE 2. If the patient drinks coffee3. Age of the patient 4. Positive family history
When processor sensitometry falls out of limits, what should be done first?
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