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The chemical substances and processes that occur in plants, animals, and microorganisms and of the changes they undergo during development and life.
Any substance that is acted upon by an enzyme is called aNo?
A cell targets a cell connected by gap junctions.
What are the 2 semi-essential amino acids among humans?
A hydrocarbon chain that is sometimes considered to be a monomer of lipids.
There are four categories of chemical signaling found in multicellular organisms: paracrine signaling, endocrine signaling, autocrine signaling, and __________.
This refers to the molecule in which opposite ends have opposite electric charges.
In _______, a cell may target itself (autocrine signaling), a cell connected by gap junctions, a nearby cell (paracrine signaling), or a distant cell (endocrine signaling).
Which type of compound would not dissolve easily in water?
A ______ is a chemical signal that travels between nerve cells.
Where do substrates bind on an enzyme?
Lipid metabolism is associated with carbohydrate metabolism, as products of ______ (such as acetyl CoA) can be converted into lipids.
Lipid metabolism begins in the intestine where ingested triglycerides are broken down into smaller chain fatty acids and subsequently into monoglyceride molecules by pancreatic lipases, enzymes that break down fats after they are emulsified by _______.
What protein is the main constituent of skin, bone, tendon, cartilage and teeth among mammals?
The junction between nerve cells where signal transmission occurs is called a ________.
Each of these monomeric units of nucleic acids has three components. Name these 3 components
Unlike glycolysis, the citric acid cycle is a ______.
Which vitamin play an important role in the synthesis of collagen?
In ______, a cell may target itself (autocrine signaling), a cell connected by gap junctions, a nearby cell (paracrine signaling), or a distant cell (endocrine signaling).
The sequence of amino acids is determined by ___________.
What is the clinical condition wherein the 6th amino acid in the beta chain of hemoglobin is altered?
Identify the monomeric unit of nucleic acids
This is also water's ability to be attraction to other water molecules.
This refers to the long chains of carbon hydrogen bonds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
The enzyme that catalyzes step four is regulated by ________________ of ATP, succinyl CoA, and NADH.
Which of the following molecules make up the basic structure of a cell membrane?
Through a series of steps, citrate is _____, releasing two carbon dioxide molecules for each acetyl group fed into the cycle.
With what 3 letters do enzymes typically end?
When food reaches the small intestine in the form of chyme, a digestive hormone called ______ is released by intestinal cells in the intestinal mucosa.
These are short term energy and structure in plants.
As water freezes, it expands and its density decreases.
The enzyme in the body works at best at 37ºC.
What is the storage protein that is bonded with iron to store iron in the body?
He discovered nucleic acids in 1869
A cell targets a nearby cell.
What protein substances catalyze biochemical reactions?
Chemical signals are released by ______ in the form of small, usually volatile or soluble molecules called ligands.
Proteins are polymers of what monomeric units?
When these impulses reach the end of the axon, the signal continues on to a dendrite of the next cell by the release of chemical ligands called ______ by the presynaptic cell (the cell emitting the signal).
Why can water have no net charge but have slight charges in different parts of the molecule?
Which one is the active site?
The pancreatic lipases and bile salts break down ______ into free fatty acids.
From the lymphatic system, the chylomicrons are transported to the _____ system.
Within the intestinal cells, these triglycerides are packaged along with cholesterol molecules in phospholipid vesicles called _______.
If ATP levels _____, the rate of this reaction decreases.
What do you call the DNA segments that carry the genetic information?
______ acts on nearby cells, endocrine signaling uses the circulatory system to transport ligands, and autocrine signaling acts on the signaling cell.
What are the 2 basic types or models of enzyme-substrate complex formation?
Which of the following is a lipid?
When the neurotransmitter binds the _____ on the surface of the postsynaptic cell, the electrochemical potential of the target cell changes, and the next electrical impulse is launched.
Signals within the nerve cells are propagated by fast-moving _______ impulses.
The glycerol that is released from triglycerides after lipolysis directly enters the glycolysis pathway as _____.
The ratio of 1:2:1 is one of the properties of disaccharide.
How do lipids function for cells?
Because of their form of transport, hormones get _____ and are present in low concentrations when they act on their target cells.
Which biomolecule is often stored in the body's tissues as energy?
The ligands released in endocrine signaling are called ________, signaling molecules that are produced in one part of the body but affect other body regions some distance away.
Substances on which enzymes act to convert them into products are known as?
The main difference between the different categories of signaling is the ____ that the signal travels through the organism to reach the target cell.
What is the purpose of an enzyme?
Which end of the water molecule has a slightly positive charge?
A cell targets a distant cell through the bloodstream.
Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from this graph?
If a cell is infected with a ______, the cell can signal itself to undergo programmed cell death, killing the virus in the process. In some cases, neighboring cells of the same type are also influenced by the released ligand.
CCK also travels to the brain, where it can act as a _____.
The reaction used to digest and break the bond in red is ___________.
This molecule is a __________.
What is the tetrameric protein that transports oxygen?
Steps three and four are both ____________________, which release electrons that reduce NAD+ to NADH and release carboxyl groups that form CO2 molecules.
CCK stimulates the release of ________ from the pancreas and stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder to release stored bile salts into the intestine.
In step five, a phosphate group is substituted for coenzyme A, and a ___________________is formed.
In step two, citrate loses one water molecule and gains another as citrate is converted into its isomer, _______________.
In order to keep the response localized, ______ are normally quickly degraded by enzymes or removed by neighboring cells.
It is the process of making RNA from DNA template where the code in the DNA is
A ______ is a molecule that binds another specific molecule, in some cases, delivering a signal in the process.
One example of paracrine signaling is the transfer of signals across ______ between nerve cells.
Signals that act locally between cells that are close together are called
The distance between the presynaptic cell and the postsynaptic cell—called the ______ —is very small and allows for rapid diffusion of the neurotransmitter.
The amino acid that results in disulphide bridges is called _______________.
The neurotransmitters that are released into the chemical synapse are degraded quickly or get reabsorbed by the ______ so that the recipient nerve cell can recover quickly and be prepared to respond rapidly to the next synaptic signal.
A cell targets itself.
GTP is energetically equivalent to _______________________.
Communication between cells is called intercellular signaling, and communication within a cell is called _______.
Enumerate the 5 primary nitrogenous bases in nucleic acids
In the process, three _____ are reduced to NADH, one FAD molecule is reduced to FADH2, and one ATP or GTP (depending on the cell type) is produced (by substrate-level phosphorylation).
______ are produced by signaling cells that can also bind to the ligand that is released.
A ______ consists of a cell body, several short, branched extensions called dendrites that receive stimuli, and a long extension called an axon, which transmits signals to other nerve cells or muscle cells.
Most enzymes are composed of _______________.
Which matured cells in the human body do not contain nucleic acids
Match the illustration of the form of chemical signaling.
The citric acid cycle produces very little ATP directly and does not directly consume ______.
These are all examples of lipids except one.
Signals that act locally between cells that are close together are called ______.
Signals within the nerve cells are propagated by fast-moving ____ impulses.
Fats (or triglycerides) within the body are ingested as food or synthesized by adipocytes or hepatocytes from _____ precursors.
The bond that joins amino acids are called _____________.
Almost all of the enzymes of the citric acid cycle are soluble, with the single exception of the enzyme _______, which is embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
If ATP is in ________________, the rate increases.
A water strider can skate along the top of a pond because of the hydrogen bonds result in water cohesion.
Which one is not an example of lipids?
Almost all of the enzymes of the citric acid cycle are soluble, with the single exception of the enzyme ______, which is embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
How many sugar units make up monosaccharides?
Chylomicrons leave the enterocytes by exocytosis and enter the lymphatic system via ________ in the villi of the intestine.
What molecule is this:
If an RNA molecule is single stranded, the DNA molecule has 2 strands, characteristically described as?
What type of carbohydrate is this?
The shape of the enzyme molecule is changed.
What word describes when water is attracted to other substances?
This molecules is a ______________.
Based on the graph, what is the optimal temperature for this enzyme?
Which one is substrate?
Which of these is most likely an enzyme?
Like the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, the citric acid cycle takes place in the matrix of _____.
Chemical signals are released by _______ in the form of small, usually volatile or soluble molecules called ligands.
In step three, isocitrate is oxidized, producing a five-carbon molecule, α-____________________, together with a molecule of CO2 and two electrons, which reduce NAD+ to NADH.
Removing the signals will reestablish the concentration gradient for the signal, allowing them to quickly diffuse through the ______ if released again.
Some enzymes exist in their inactive forms and are known?
Paracrine signals move by diffusion through the _______ matrix.
The breakdown of fatty acids, called fatty acid oxidation or beta (β)-oxidation, begins in the _____, where fatty acids are converted into fatty acyl CoA molecules.
Chylomicrons contain triglycerides, cholesterol molecules, and other _____ (protein molecules).
Signals from distant cells are called endocrine signals, and they originate from ________.
Signals that act locally between cells that are close together are called ____.
What macromolecule is this?
To obtain energy from _______, triglycerides must first be broken down by hydrolysis into their two principal components, fatty acids and glycerol.
Hormones travel the large distances between endocrine cells and their target cells via the ______, which is a relatively slow way to move throughout the body.
The diagram shows a bond forming between two amino acids. What is the name of the resulting bond?
Ligands interact with proteins in target cells, which are cells that are affected by chemical signals; these proteins are also called ______.
Ligands can thus be thought of as ______.
What is the main function of carbohydrates?
Water is a universal solvent because ...
When a piece of liver is dropped into hydrogen peroxide, the peroxide bubbles vigorously as the hydrogen peroxide decomposes into water and oxygen. This rapid change in reaction rate suggests ________________.
What links these monomeric units to form proteins?
Which group of amino acids can be synthesized by the body and may not be the requisite components of the diet?
This is the number of amino acids used to produce proteins for all living things.
Certain enzymes require specific, thermostable, low mol. wt, non-protein organic substance called?
The primary sequence of a protein refers to the:
When collagen is denatured by heat, it turns into?
The characteristic that all lipids have in common is _____________.
How many sugar units make up disaccharides?
Step six is a dehydration process that converts _________________.
What fraction of the total dry body weight is made up of proteins?
The structure of proteins can be changed by environmental factors such as temperature or pH.
Lipid metabolism entails the oxidation of fatty acids to either generate ______ or synthesize new lipids from smaller constituent molecules.
Which one is enzyme?
Because the final product of the citric acid cycle is also the _____, the cycle runs continuously in the presence of sufficient reactants.
The neurotransmitters are transported across the very small distances between nerve cells, which are called ______.
These are long term energy storage which helps to form cell membranes and provides parts of other biomolecules like hormones.
Unsaturated fats are ______________ at room temperature.
Two __________ are transferred to FAD, producing FADH2.
CoA is bound to a _____ (-SH) and diffuses away to eventually combine with another acetyl group.
Saturated fats are ____________ at room temperature.
Signaling via gap junctions involves signaling molecules moving directly between ______.
Which one would not affect the rate of enzyme activity?
Attractions between water molecules are called _____________.
The attraction that causes water and other liquids to form drops on thin films is called _________________.
Paracrine signals move by diffusion through the ______ matrix.
________ also regulates pain sensation and inflammatory responses.
Enzymes in the ______ degrade some types of neurotransmitters to terminate the signal.
The term protein was derived from which Greek word that means “primary”?
In the citric acid cycle, the acetyl group from acetyl CoA is attached to a four-carbon oxaloacetate molecule to form a six-carbon ______.
The chylomicrons enable fats and cholesterol to move within the ______ environment of your lymphatic and circulatory systems.
Organisms living in a bog environment must be able to tolerate nitrogen-poor acidic conditions. Bog plants such as the Venus flytrap and sundew are able to obtain their nitrogen by attacking and consuming insects. These plants produce chemicals that break down the insects into usable compounds.
The synthesis of a protein from an mRNA template where the code in the mRNA is
What is another name for enzyme?
Which one is not the function of lipids in the body?
Name the group of amino acids which are not synthesized by the body and must be taken in diet.
Name the 2 types of nucleic acids
Name the three universal types of RNA
All carbohydrate names end with which ending?
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