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Explores various perspectives and explanations for the causes of crime, including biological, and providing a comprehensive understanding of criminal behavior.
This theory argues that once a person commits a first criminal act, they are labeled negatively as a criminal.
According to Anomie or Strain Theory, people adapt through the following (Choose all appropriate and correct answers).
The social actor’s decision is an optimal one in sense of maximizing difference between benefits and costs.
Three Trait Theory (Choose all appropriate and correct answers).
The theory coined by Cesare Lombroso in 1876.
These are typically easier to understand than those that are more formal, but the weakness is that the variables and forces highlighted and the dynamic relations among them are vague and imprecise.
This assumption states that the actions of the individual are concerned entirely with his or her own welfare.
The range of choices in other circumstances differs from choices in a strong structural circumstance, where there may be only one choice.
An imaginary agreement to sacrifice the minimum amount of liberty to prevent anarchy and chaos.
This is a diagrammatic representation of social events.
This is the study of criminal human beings.
This scheme vary in the level of abstraction.
The presentation of a stimulus that increases or maintains a response.
This theory of crime causation are associated with the work of Sigmund Freud who believed that people who had unresolved deep-seated problems were psychopaths.
Each social actor has a set of needs, interests, and preferences.
The tendency to be sociable, fun-loving, and affectionate vs. retiring, somber, and reserved.
The diagrammatic elements include symbols that mark the connections among concepts.
It can be either tangible or intangible.
It is individuals who ultimately take actions.
This theory emphasize that human beings live in social groups and that those groups and the social structure they create influence behavior.
The presentation of an aversive stimulus to reduce a response.
The theory developed by Abraham Maslow and Seymour Halleck.
The inability to dominate other groups in society.
This is considered an essential prerequisite to adequate theory building.
Defined as a person who reverts to a savage type.
This theory explains that human behavior, including criminal behavior, is motivated by a hedonistic rationality, in which actors weigh the potential pleasure of an action against the possible pain associated with it.
Each option has an expected set of outcomes associated with it that involve benefits and cost.
The removal or reduction of a stimulus whose removal or reduction increases or maintains a response.
The explanation of criminal behavior, as well as the behavior of police, attorneys, prosecutors, judges, correctional personnel, victims, and other actors in the criminal justice system.
A theory is a proposed relationship in a single concept.
These are more loosely assembled congeries of concepts intended only to sensitize and orient researchers and theorists to certain critical processes.
This involves directing attention on inner experiences, while relates to focusing attention outward on other people and the environment.
This is a theoretical statement that specifies the connection between two or more variables.
Individuals will often find a way to exercise action optimally, hence the rational choice model may not necessarily show harmony, consensus, or equality in courses of action.
A theory that emphasizes the criminalization process as the cause of some crime.
The principle that a policy should provide the greatest happiness shared by the greatest number.
Novus Actus Interveniens (Choose all appropriate and correct answers).
Types of Causation (Choose all appropriate and correct answers).
The theory that explains on the belief that criminals are physiologically different from non-criminals.
The tendency to be soft-hearted, trusting, and helpful vs. ruthless, suspicious, and uncooperative.
Various types of group sentiments could exist, such as cooperation, unselfishness, charity, which initially may seem to be contrary to individual optimality.
Defined as taking place when no other course of social action would be preferred by the individual over the course of action the individual has chosen.
The theory developed by Ernst Kretchmer and William Sheldon.
Theory is a scientific and financial activity revolving around the process of developing ideas that explain how and why events occur.
Abell (2000) argues that structures and norms that dictate a single course of action are merely special cases of rational choice theory.
A view in which people are expected to commit crime and delinquency unless they are prevented from doing so.
The tendency to be organized, careful, and disciplined vs. disorganized, careless, and impulsive.
A theory that assumes that society is based primarily on conflict between competing interest groups and that criminal law and the criminal justice system are used to control subordinate groups.
The tendency to be calm, secure, and self-satisfied vs. anxious, insecure, and self-pitying.
This is related to moodiness versus even-temperedness.
The tendency to be imaginative, independent, and interested in variety vs. practical, conforming, and interested in routine.
A process in which behavior that previously was positively reinforced is no longer reinforced.
This theory explains that criminals are, by birth, a distinct type.
This is aimed at making an individual feel good or could be a means of raising one’s social esteem in the eyes of others.
One of the earliest secular approaches to explaining the causes of crime.
Theorists generally assume (Choose all appropriate and correct answers).
The result may not always turn out to be optimal, given uncertainty about the future, unexpected outcome, or unintended consequences of the social action.
This is a classification scheme that denotes the key properties, and interrelations among these properties, in the social universe.
This refers to an individual’s tendency to become upset or emotional, while stability refers to the tendency to remain emotionally constant.
These are the traits that are sometimes related to attitudes or preferences and often appear only in certain situations or under specific circumstances.
This theory explains that delinquents were more mesomorphic than non-delinquents, and serious delinquents were more mesomorphic than less severe delinquents.
According to this theory, a criminal’s innate physiological makeup produces certain physical or genetic characteristics that distinguish criminals from non-criminals.
A modification of classical theory in which it was conceded that certain factors, such as insanity, might inhibit the exercise of free will.
Types of propositional scheme (Choose all appropriate and correct answers).
All individuals act in ways that would benefit them more.
The prevention of people in general or society at large from engaging in crime by punishing specific individuals and making examples of them.
These include resources that affect others, personal attributes, and resources that can be exchanged with others.
Biology or genetics gives an individual a predisposition to behave in a certain way.
The ability of some groups to dominate other groups in a society.
This consist of generalizations from specific events, in particular empirical contexts.
As actors in the society and everywhere, behave and act always as rational beings, self-calculating, self-interested and self-maximizing, these individual social actions are the ultimate source of larger social outcomes.
Scientific theories transcend into infinite idea and time.
The diagrammatic elements include concepts that denote and highlight certain features of the universe.
Traits that dominate an individual’s whole life, often to the point that the person becomes known specifically for these traits.
The diagrammatic elements include the arrangement of these concepts in visual space so as to reflect the ordering of events in the universe.
This is a condition in which the usual controls over delinquents are largely absent, delinquent behavior is often approved of by parents and neighbors, there are many opportunities for delinquent behavior, and there is little encouragement, training, or opportunity for legitimate employment.
This is to develop a tightly woven system of categories that is presumed to capture the way in which the invariant properties of the universe are ordered.
This theory introduces the idea of premeditation as a measure of the degree of free will.
This theory introduces the idea of mitigating circumstances as legitimate grounds for diminished responsibility.
This is a product of the Enlightenment, based on the assumption that people exercise free will and are thus completely responsible for their actions.
This deal with the basic issues that a theory must address.
For some individuals, and in some situations, choices may be limited while for others there are multiple options.
These needs can change and they tend to be relatively stable over time.
The prevention of individuals from committing crime again by punishing them.
Basic Principles of Rational Choice Theory (Choose all appropriate and correct answers).
Each social actor has some options concerning possible courses of action.
In taking the course of action selected by the actor, he or she expects that his or her interests and preferences will be met to the best extent possible.
Individual choose their actions optimally, given their individual preferences as well as the opportunities or constraints with which the individual faced.
Universal Trait Theory (Choose all appropriate and correct answers).
Most criminologists believe that criminal behavior is the product of a complex interaction between biology and environmental or social conditions.
These are the general characteristics that form the basic foundations of personality.
This scheme vary in the way propositions are organized into formats.
Individuals who are high on this trait tend to have difficulty dealing with reality and may be antisocial, hostile, non-empathetic and manipulative.
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