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A course that equips students with essential mathematical and statistical tools for data analysis, and problem-solving in various fields of study and research.
Nominal provides the least amount of detail, and ratio provide the most amount of detail.
It aims to describe various aspects of the data obtained in the study.
Enter data in A3:B7 the color of 5nips and their total. What are the variables of the activity?
The main purpose of an ANOVA is to test if two or more groups differ from each other significantly in one or more characteristics.
With this test, you also estimate the population median and compare it to a reference/target value.
Which of the following is the correct formula for the chi-square goodness-of-fit test?
Which of the following may have an adverse effect on a correlation coefficient?
Statisticians assume a cause effect relationship and say that one or more independent, controlled variables (the factors) cause the significant difference of one or more characteristics
Example of this are number of episodes of respiratory arrests or the number of re-intubations in an intensive care unit.
Which is considered as qualitative data?
The t-test assesses whether the means of two groups are statistically different from each other.
Depending on the statistical test you have chosen, you will calculate a probability of observing your sample results (or more extreme) given that the null hypothesis is true.
What is the result of the calculation?
The null hypothesis for the chi-square goodness-of-fit test states that the distribution of
Measures of spread are ways of summarizing a group of data by describing how spread out the scores are
The intent is to determine whether there is enough evidence to "reject" a conjecture or hypothesis about the process. The conjecture is called the ______________________
The central tendency of the ordinal scale is _______________________________.
What must data be in order for a Pearson's product-moment to be conducted?
Those that make assumptions about the parameters of the population distribution from which the sample is drawn
It is the test of association for ranked variables.
What is the null hypothesis in chi-square test?
The characteristic of population based on all units is called parameter while the measure of sample observation is called statistic.
Appropriate use of statistical methodology in data analysis means the data should be analyzed in a way that is both scientifically and statistically unreasonable.
The nominal scale forms the basis for such analyses as the Chi-Square because those analyses require that some category is compared to at least one other category.
The chi-square test is used when we have ordinal data.
Scientific data rarely lead to absolute conclusions.
The independent variables are called as predicated variable because independent variables predict or forecast the values of the dependent variable in the model.
Parametric type of test.
Parametric tests usually have more statistical power than their non-parametric equivalents.
It has have no order and thus only gives names or labels to various categories.
It is the event expected to change when the independent variable is manipulated
Enter the following formula:
What function is use to compute for the average in Excel?
The Chi Square statistic is commonly used for testing relationships between categorical variables.
An independent t-test can be used to assess which of the following?
What is the mode of the scores of the subject Social Science?
The value of statistics is strong because they can serve as predictions as well as probabilities in certain trends.
Calculate the correlation coefficient using the CORREL function. What is the format of the CORREL function?
Non parametric tests are used when your data is normal
Use when you want to find a correlation between two sets of data.
There is a subtype in ordinal scale with only two categories like one of the nominal scale and is known as dichotomous ordinal scale.
Variables are central to any analysis and they do not need to be understood well by the researcher.
Variables can be defined in terms of measurable factors through a process of _______________________________.
When the number of units in a population are uncountable, and so it is impossible to observe all the items of the universe
Which of the following would produce related data?
This is a sampling technique where the samples are gathered in a process that does not give all the individuals in the population equal chances of being selected.
Which of the following is an assumption of one-way ANOVA comparing samples from three or more experimental treatments?
It is the value separating the higher half from the lower half of a data sample (a population or a probability distribution).
When reporting a Pearson's product-moment in APA format, you would use x.
It is a hypothesis which the researcher tries to disprove, reject or nullify.
Analysis of variance is a statistical method of comparing the ________ of several populations.
It is a branch of science that deals with the collection, organization, analysis of data and drawing of inferences from the samples to the whole population.
If data in two way classification id displayed in r rows and k columns, then the degrees of freedom for interaction will be…
Correlation analysis as a research method offers a range of advantages
Parametric test is mainly based on differences in medians
We use inferential statistics to make judgments of the probability that an observed difference between groups is a dependable one or one that might have happened by chance in this study
Which of the following assumptions of ANOVA can be discarded in case the sample size is large?
It depends on physically measuring things.
Conducting a single F test in one-way ANOVA protects us from Type II error.
What is a statistical test which is widely used to compare the mean of two groups of samples. It is therefore to evaluate whether the means of the two sets of data are statistically significantly different from each other?
The measures of central tendency are mean, median and mode.
Non Parametric tests can provide trustworthy results when the groups have different amounts of variability
It is a nominal level variable that can take only two values (yes/no, male/female, Hungarian/non-Hungarian).
Descriptive Statistics simply summaries about the sample and the measures
Pearson's Correlation Coefficient was designed just for linear relationships. Technically, if we get a low value, or a zero value, it does not mean that there is no relationship. It just means that there is no linear relationship.
It does not only classify and order the measurements, but it also specifies that the distances between each interval on the scale are equivalent along the scale from low interval to high interval.
It is the attempt to apply the conclusions that have been obtained from one experimental study to more general populations.
Non-parametric tests are "distribution-free" and, as such, can be used for non-Normal variables
An ANOVA test is a way to find out if survey or experiment results are significant
A bell shaped curve to a scatter graph would suggest what?
Statisticians now believe that if the expected value (E) falls below 5-10 our chi-square test is not valid.
It is the term given to the analysis of data that helps describe, show or summarize data in a meaningful way such that, for example, patterns might emerge from the data.
It tries to describe the relationship between variables in a sample or population and provides a summary of data in the form of mean, median and mode.
Use this test to estimate the median of a population and compare it to a reference value or target value
In one-way ANOVA, which of the following is used within the F-ratio as a measurement of the variance of individual observations?
What name is given to data which can be ranked?
With all inferential statistics, we assume the dependent variable fits a normal distribution
The t distribution varies in shape based on:
If your data isn’t normally distributed, you can’t run the Kruskal-Wallis test., but you can run the nonparametric alternative–the ANOVA
It is the study of how to collect, organize, analyze, and interpret numerical information from data.
Scientific research rarely leads to absolute certainty.
Which among the set is bimodal?
The formula for the Chi-Square is a ratio.
To use a t-test the dependent variable must have
You want to know whether people in different regions of the country are equally likely to vote Democratic, Republican, Independent, or Libertarian in the next election. You would use a
It is the variable whose change isn’t affected by any other variable in the experiment.
The error sum of squares can be obtained from the equation in two way ANOVA
A researcher can create a map to represent data relationships visually using this
T-tests and other significance tests are frequently criticized. Over-representation of statistical significance in research may result in
It is referred to as such because it is a test to prove an assumed cause and effect relationships
Variable that always goes on the x-axis, or the horizontal axis
Sex or Gender is classified under what level of measurement?
We are rarely interested in a significance test alone; we would like to say something about the population from which the samples came, and this is best done with estimates of parameters and confidence intervals.
Identify what branch of statistics focus on the measures of central tendency and dispersion.
One-way ANOVA between groups is used when you want to test two groups to see if there's a difference between them.
The correlation coefficient is sensitive to outlying points therefore the correlation coefficient is resistant.
The F ratio is typically used to test differences between
Every individual in the population have equal chance of being selected as a subject for the research.
What is the mode of the scores of the subject Mathematics?
Distributions cannot be displayed using percentages
Descriptive Statistics is the branch of statistics that involves organizing, displaying and describing data.
If most points depict a dispersed descending line this would suggest there would be a weak positive relationship
It is used when evaluating Tests of Independence under Chi-Square statistic .
Classify the level of measurement it belongs: Score in IQ Test
Use this test instead of the sign test when you have two independent samples.
A set cannot have more than one mode.
If the sample data are consistent with the null hypothesis, but consistent with the alternative, then we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the alternative hypothesis is true.
How many levels of measurements were discussed?
One disadvantage of the mean is that a small number of extreme values can distort its value.
It is calculated by changing lagged data with the formula for the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient.
Say youre interested in how rising sea temperatures impact algae life, so you design an experiment that measures the number of algae in a sample of water taken from a specific ocean site under varying temperatures. What is the independent variable?
A potential source of confusion in working out what statistics to use in analysing data is whether your data allows for parametric or non-parametric statistics.
It is the measurement of correlation and ranges (depending on the correlation) between +1 and -1. +1 indicates the strongest positive correlation possible, and -1 indicates the strongest negative correlation possible.
Enter the following data in you Microsoft Excel. What are the variables in this analysis?
What is the value of the standard error of the mean?
This method is a nonprobability sampling technique where existing study subjects recruit future subjects from among their acquaintances.
Display networks of relationships among variables, enabling researchers to identify the nature of relationships that would otherwise be too complex to conceptualize
Display the relationship between two quantitative or numeric variables by plotting one variable against the value of another variable
Measures of dispersion aim to provide an accurate description of the entire data
A researcher finds a correlation of .40 between personal income and the number of years of college completed. Based upon this finding he can conclude that…
What is the value of the perfect positive correlation
The parametric test is the hypothesis test which provides generalizations for making statements about the mean of the parent population
If you are using interval or ratio scales you use _________________________________.
The significance of statistical figures can be seen best when validating solid arguments or predictions out of hypotheses or conjectures that may seem overwhelming to a layman.
The concept of measurement has been developed in conjunction with the concepts of numbers and units of measurement.
As the number of observations increases the t-distribution gets to look more like the standard normal distribution.
What is the reason why it is not necessary to create a scatter chart?
Subgroups of the population are used as the sampling unit, rather than individuals
Nominal comes from the Latin root ‘name’ meaning nomen.
Correlation analysis can study a wide range of variables and their interrelations.
Which is classified as Ratio?
These are often used to communicate research findings and to support hypotheses and give credibility to research methodology and conclusions.
All measurements contain some uncertainty and error, and statistical methods help us quantify and characterize this uncertainty.
1: Use this test to estimate the median of a population and compare it to a reference value or target value
It is the process of taking a subset of subjects that is representative of the entire population.
______________ correlation exists if one variable increases simultaneously with the other, i.e. the high numerical values of one variable relate to the high numerical values of the other.
Quota sampling has the advantage of being time-and cost-effective to perform whilst resulting in a range of responses (particularly useful in qualitative research).
You find a statistically significant ANOVA. In order to determine which groups are different, you must conduct
A skewed distribution is one reason to run a parametric test.
It is used to compare the mean of a population with a theoretical value.
If the sample means for each of k treatment groups were identical (yes, this is extremely unlikely), what would be the observed value of the ANOVA test statistic?
Interval scales are exactly like ratio scales, except that they have a true zero point
It implies the correlation among the values of the same variables but at various times
This analysis is appropriate whenever you want to compare the means of two groups, and especially appropriate as the analysis for the posttest-only two-group randomized experimental design.
The two-way ANOVA compares the means between the groups you are interested in and determines whether any of those means are statistically significantly different from each other.
Nominal is hardly measurement. It refers to quantity more than quality.
Examples of ratio level data include distance and area (e.g., acreage).
The null hypothesis in analysis of variance asks whether
This industry use statistical approaches to estimate the number of depositors and their claims for a certain day
The most complicated distribution would list every value of a variable and the number of persons who had each value
A small confidence interval is bad because few values are contained within it.
Comparison is one of the main functions of economics as the absolute figures convey a very less meaning.
Analysis of Variance
What is the purpose of a goodness-of-fit test?
For an independent t-test, we assume that the populations of individual scores have the same variance.
It is one of the measures of correlation which quantifies the strength as well as the direction of such relationship
Although in an interval scale, since there is an absence of the absolute 0 and it works on the principal of an arbitrary 0, the division of variables is not possible.
The sum of squares due to the column factor for one way analysis of variance is given by
Which of the following definition defines nominal scale?
If you have categorical data, you'll want to run a non-parametric ANOVA (usually found under a different heading in the software, like "nonparametric tests").
7. Now that we have got Excel to calculate the correlation coefficient we need to interpret it to understand its true meaning. The value is always between -1 and +1. What is the value of the perfect negative correlation
Compute the frequency of all nominal variables using what formula?
It is used to make predictions or comparisons about a larger group (a population) using information gathered about a small part of that population.
What type of data is required for a Pearson's analysis which does not include a dichotomous variable?
If we hold all other factors constant, then as the error term of a t-statistic becomes greater,
What type of relationships does a Pearson's product-moment assess?
C3: = B3-$B$9 Copy the formula up to C7. What is purpose of the $?
The greater the value of the F ratio,
What does a Pearson's product-moment allow you to identify?
Construct a conclusion based on the scale below: What is the interpretation of our computation?
Which of the following indicates the strongest relationship?
What is the formula for Chi-Square Statistics?
It is commonly used for testing relationships between categorical variables.
It is a method that allows researchers to infer information about a population based on results from a subset of the population, without having to investigate every individual
It is a computer system capable of capturing, storing, analyzing, and displaying geographically referenced information; that is, data identified according to location
The Chi-Square statistic is most commonly used to evaluate Tests of Independence when using a what?
On the negative side, findings of correlation does not indicate causations i.e. cause and effect relationships.
There are two key variables in every experiment: the dependent variable and the independent variable.
Individuals are selected at regular intervals from the sampling frame.
The parametric test is the hypothesis test which provides generalizations for making statements about the ____________________ of the parent population.
One of the reasons that a correlated-groups design is more powerful than an independent-samples design is that in the correlated-groups design
Variance is a square of average distance between each quantity and mean.
When the expected values (E) are obtained by multiplying row totals by column totals
Non parametric assume that the data is normally distributed
It is a classification that describes the nature of information within the values assigned to variables
Descriptive statistics are very important because if we simply presented our raw data it would be hard to visualize what the data was showing, especially if there was a lot of it.
What is the median of the scores of the subject Science?
Independent and dependent variables always go on the same places in a graph.
Uses non parametric scale
It is is calculated by taking the ratio of the sample of the two variables to the product of the two standard deviations and illustrates the strength of linear relationships
Data collection used for a population.
Statistics provide a measure of proof that something is true.
It is used to understand the nature of relationships between two individual variables.
The more variables, the more complex the study and the more complex the statistical analysis.
If the independent had more than two levels, then we would use a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
It is a sampling technique where the samples are gathered in a process that does not give all the individuals in the population equal chances of being selected.
Parametric statistical procedures are less powerful because they use less information in their calculation.
It is a measure of the strength of a linear association between two variables and is denoted by r.
Which is an example of interval scale?
Any difference among the population means in the analysis of variance will inflate the expected values of
What other solution can you do to compute for the average of the scores?
This test is used to test for differences between groups with ordinal dependent variables
There are four major characteristics of a single variable that we tend to look at
Analysis should reflect the design, and so a matched design should be followed by a matched analysis.
It is defined as "the statistical measure that identifies a single value as representative of an entire distribution."
The _________________ must have sufficient size to warrant statistical analysis.
It is any characteristics, number, or quantity that can be measured or counted
When conducting a one-way ANOVA, the _______ the between-treatment variability is when compared to the within-treatment variability, the _______ the value of FDATA will be tend to be.
We use statistics when the number of cases that can occur are really small.
The non-parametric test is the hypothesis test which provides generalizations for making statements about the mean of the parent population.
The chi-square distribution (also called the chi-squared distribution) is a special case of the beta distribution
The population is not confined to people only, but it may also include animals, events, objects, buildings, etc.
The main difference between the z and t-tests is that
When the number of elements of the population is fixed and thus making it possible to enumerate it in totality.
The significance of statistical figures can be seen best when invalidating solid arguments or predictions out of hypotheses or conjectures that may seem overwhelming to a layman.
Methods of correlation and regression cannot be used in order to analyze the extent and the nature of relationships between different variables
What is a number or attribute computed for each member of a population or a sample?
The mean is sensitive to any change in value, unlike the median and mode, where a change to an extreme or uncommon value usually has no effect.
Which of the following would not allow you to calculate a correlation?
Percentile is a way to represent position of a values in data set.
The independent variables are called as predicator variable because independent variables predict or forecast the values of the dependent variable in the model.
We use unplanned comparisons to determine
This particular type of analysis is useful when a researcher wants to establish if there are possible connectionsbetween variables.
The coefficient of determination and the R-squared (R2) are not the same
To test equality of means of more than 2 populations which of the following techniques is used?
This sampling method is usually employed in studies that are not interested in the parameters of the entire population.
It is used to measure the strength of a linear association between two variables, where the value r = 1 means a perfect positive correlation and the value r = -1 means a perfect negative correlation.
It gives an indication of how close an individual observation clusters about the mean value
It is the measurement of average distance between each quantity and mean
Which is not a level of measurement in Statistics?
If the sample data are consistent with the null hypothesis, then we do not reject it.
It is defined as the middle of a distribution in a ranked data
These are the two main branches of statistics
The alternative hypothesis for the test is that the two means are equal.
Descriptive statistics therefore enables us to present the data in a more meaningful way, which allows simpler interpretation of the data
Say you want to figure out which brand of microwave popcorn pops the most kernels so you can get the most value for your money. You test different brands of popcorn to see which bag pops the most popcorn kernels. Which among the choices is the independent variable?
A repeated measures t-test can be used to assess which of the following?
Parametric tests have no statistical power
Classify the level of measurement it belongs: Birth Order
How does the shape of the t-distribution change as the sample size increases?
It is the science of uncertainty.
Every time you try to describe a large set of observations with a single indicator you run the risk of distorting the original data or losing important detail.
It is used to investigate whether distributions of categorical variables differ from one another.
It provides a visual representation of the data.
It is the simplest form of analyzing data. "Uni" means "one", so in other words your data has only one variable.
Homogeneity of variance is the assumption that:
It provides a mechanism for making quantitative decisions about a process or processes.
Which is not an importance of levels of measurements?
Which is another term for dependent variable?
Compute the average of all variables using what formula?
What should Levene's test be in order to use the 'equal variance assumed' row of a t-test?
Negative correlation exists if one variable decreases when the other increases, i.e. the high numerical values of one variable relate to the low numerical values of the other.
It is the most frequently occurring variable in a distribution.
The degrees of freedom for k columns of size n will be..
It is a characteristic that varies from one individual member of population to another individual.
Stratified sampling is used when we might reasonably expect the measurement of interest to vary between the different subgroups, and we want to ensure representation from all the subgroups
The normal distribution is a continuous probability distribution.
A one way ANOVA will tell you that at least two groups were different from each other.
Classify the level of measurement it belongs: Gender
It is a summary statistic that quantitatively describes or summarizes features of a collection of information, while descriptive statistics in the mass noun sense is the process of using and analyzing those statistics
Which of the following definition defines interval scale?
If the true means of the k populations are equal, then MSTR/MSE should be:
This method is a non probability sampling technique where existing study subjects recruit future subjects from among their acquaintances.
The ________ sum of squares measures the variability of the sample treatment means around the overall mean
Achievement is classified under what level of measurement?
The only difference between the z and single sample t-test are the size of the samples.
The assumptions of this test are that the data from each population is an independent random sample and the population distributions have the same shape.
The statistics are presented in a indefinite form so they also help in condensing the data into important figures.
What is the shortcut for getting the standard deviation?
When the difference between two population averages is being investigated, a t test is used
The straight line equation y=b0 + b1x is an example of a linear relationship. This means that the changes in one variable are accompanied by the proportional linear changes in another variable. If you increase one variable by 1 and the other by 0.5, this is a linear change.
In ANOVA, 2 and 2
It is a variable that goes on the y-axis, or vertical axis.
Parametric tests are those that make assumptions about the parameters of the population distribution from which the sample is drawn.
In this correlation the correlation coefficient is not robust due to the fact that strong linear relationships between the variables are not recognized
If correlation is found between two variables it means that when there is a systematic change in one variable, there is also a systematic change in the other
A two way ANOVA is used to compare two means from two independent (unrelated) groups using the F-distribution.
It is used to describe the basic features of the data in a study
In ordinal measurement the numerical values just "name" the attribute uniquely.
The t-test family is not based on the t-distribution, because the difference of mean score for two multivariate normal variables approximates the t-distribution.
The formula of sample mean is
You cannot use a Pearson's correlation to understand whether there is an association between exam performance and time spent revising
What is commonly used for testing relationships between categorical variables?
When the k population means are truly different from each other, it is likely that the average error deviation:
In this method, the population is first divided into subgroups (or strata) who all share a similar characteristic.
It involves the application of specific statistical techniques to disciplines in biology such as population genetics, epidemiology and public health.
The time invested often requires determination of the appropriate methodology to apply in analysis corresponding to the hypothesis and design of the investigation.
Which is not a level of measurement?
If your measurement scale is nominal or
Which is not classified as Nominal?
This test is used to test for differences between groups with ordinal dependent variables.
It comes from the Latin nomen, meaning 'name' and nominal data are items which are differentiated by a simple naming system.
It involves the examination across cases of one variable at a time.
It assesses whether the means of two groups are statistically different from each other
Sampling is also done to waste time, money and effort while conducting the research.
A nice thing about the correlated groups design is that it can still be done even if there are an uneven number of observations in the groups.
What is the average of scores of the subject Social Science?
It is important to study statistics in order to formulate well-advance predictions.
Conducting multiple t-tests increases the likelihood of which of the following?
Which of the following is an appropriate null hypothesis for this study?
It is the non-parametric alternative test to the independent sample t-test.
According to the text, which of the following is not another name for the correlated-groups design?
A correlation coefficient that is applied to ranked variables was introduced by Spearman, whilst Pearson and Fisher introduced independently correlation coefficients that measure the strength of the relationship between non-ranked variables.
The total area under the normal curve is equal to 2.
Measures of central location include the range, quartiles and the interquartile range, variance and standard deviation
It is generally assumed that the ANOVA is an 'analysis of dependencies.'
If the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient shows zero value, this definitely means that there is no relationship between the two variables
Enter the following fomula: B9: =average(B3:B7) B10: =count(B3:B7) What does this line does? average(B3:B7)
The advantage of using non probability sampling is the accuracy of the statistical methods after the experiment
If correlation is found between two variables it means that when there is _____________ change in one variable, there is systematic change in the other
The gamma distribution describes the square root of a variable distributed according to a chi-square distribution
Confidence interval estimation for a population standard deviation of a normal distribution from a sample standard deviation.
If your results say that the p value is < 0.001 what can you conclude?
It is an accurate representation of the distribution of numerical data.
It is a popular test; it is the test to use when conducting experiments
The ANOVA structural model (X = + + ) maps sample scores in terms of populations, groups, and individual scores.
It is a method of statistical evaluation used to study the strength of a relationship between two, numerically measured, continuous variables (e.g. height and weight).
It is commonly used for analyzing experiment results, testing their significance and displaying the results accordingly.
Statistics are powerful tools, but it's the analysis provided afterwards by inferential statistics that explicitly makes claims about what those results mean, why, and in what context
Statistical variables do not contain numerical values but rather something __________________________.
If there is correlation found, depending upon the numerical values measured, this can be either positive or negative.
To determine whether the test statistic of ANOVA is statistically significant, it can be compared to a critical value. What two pieces of information are needed to determine the critical value?
You carried out an ANOVA on a preliminary sample of data. You then collected additional data from the same groups; the difference being that the sample sizes for each group were increased by a factor of 10, and the within-group variability has decreased substantially. Which of the following statements is NOT correct.
This method of sampling is often used by market researchers.
It is the average of all the elements of a set
It is also a logical grouping of attributes.
Homoscedasticity can be checked using which type of graph?
You obtain a sample chi-square value of X2 = -5.49. On the basis of this value, you know that
What assumption(s) must be met to conduct an independent-samples t-test?
The critical values for t will always be ______________ the critical values for z:
It a characteristic or feature that varies, or changes within a study
Which of the following would most likely cause the confidence interval to become smaller?
Why must you review the materials produced using statistics?
In statistics and probability, quartiles are values that divide your data into quarters provided data is sorted in an ascending order.
What name is given to data which is made up of frequencies?
A population can be small or large, as long as it includes all the data you are interested in.
Why, in some cases, is a measure of association needed in addition to a p-value for a statistical test?
The number of rows in which total variance in a one way ANOVA partitioned is..
If paired scores occupy the same positions within their own distributions (high with high and low with low)
T-test can help you to figure out if you need to reject the null hypothesis or accept the alternate hypothesis.
One use of chi-square distribution is Confidence interval estimation for a population standard deviation of a normal distribution from a sample standard deviation.
It refers to the relationship among the values that are assigned to the attributes for a variable.
What is the median of the scores of the subject Language?
With descriptive statistics you are simply ________________ what is or what the data shows
Assuming that the null hypothesis being tested by ANOVA is false, the probability of obtaining a Fratio that exceeds the value reported in the F table as the 95th percentile is:
Analyze the chart. What is your interpretation of the chart?
There are commonly two types of ANOVA tests for univariate analysis - One-Way ANOVA and Two-Way ANOVA.
Descriptive statistics help us to simplify large amounts of data in a sensible way.
What does the figure shows?
Negative IQR is fine, if your data is in descending order
Use this test instead of a one-way ANOVA to find out if two or more medians are different.
It is the most helpful for exploratory stages of studies such as a pilot survey.
As variability due to chance decreases, the value of F will
What type of data do you need for a chi-square test?
The most popular forms of Chi-Square used in business studies include Pearson product-moment correlation, Spearman Rank correlation and Autocorrelation.
Significance testing is based on which of the following principles?
This method of sampling is a non-probability sampling technique wherein the assembled sample has the same proportions of individuals as the entire population with respect to known characteristics, traits or focused phenomenon.
It compares the means of two (and only two) groups when the variances are not equal.
It is a software encompasses a broad range of applications which involve the use of a combination of digital maps and geo referenced data.
Qualitative data are variables that cannot be ordered in a logical or natural way.
What is the alternative name for a repeated-measures t-test?
A Student's t-test will tell you if there is a significant variation between groups.
It uses a random sample of data taken from a population to describe and make inferences about the population
The null hypothesis of the Chi-Square test is that no relationship exists on the categorical variables in the population
All else being equal, as the subjects in a study become more homogenous, the value of the test statistic increases.
If the MSE of an ANOVA for six treatment groups is known, you can compute
A low standard deviation indicates that the data points are spread out over a wider range of values.
It can perform well with skewed and non-normal distributions.
Uses parametric scale
Which of the following findings is not a correlation?
Measures of central tendency are ways of describing the central position of a frequency distribution for a group of data.
What is the mean of the scores of the subject Language?
Which of the following statistics are important when interpreting an independent samples t-test?
Pocedure: By now, you should have completed your table. For excel shortcuts:
Procedure Enter the following formula: D9: =sum(D3:D7) then B12: =D9/(B10-1) What are your expected outputs in this number?
Incorrectly rejecting a true null hypothesis is an example of what?
Which of the following is not a use for r?
Numbers can be also used to order.
It is the scientific study of earthquakes.
Age is under what level of measurements?
If you have parametric data, you can run a Wilcoxon rank-sum test to compare means
These are measurements for which there is no natural numerical scale, but which consist of attributes, labels, or other non numerical characteristics.
The Jerome Light Bulb Company recently conducted a statistical test to determine whether the number of hours that light bulbs last is normally distributed with a mean of 500 and a standard deviation of 20. A sample of 300 light bulbs was divided into 8 groups to form a grouped data frequency distribution. The degrees of freedom for the test will be 299.
It means a subgroup of the members of population chosen for participation in the study
These are numerical measurements that arise from a natural numerical scale.
The degrees of freedom for a 2 x 2 cross-tabulation table for the chi-square test of independence equal
The value of statistics is strong because they cannot serve as predictions as well as probabilities in certain trends.
By which other name is the chi-square goodness of fit test known?
The randomly selected 100 students for a survey is called a population
The advantage of using probability sampling is the _______________ of the statistical methods after the experiment
It gives the ability to quantify and differentiate between options.
What is the conventional level of significance typically adopted in psychology?
Snowball sampling can be effective when a sampling frame is easy to identify.
It has an absolute zero.
In this level of measurement, the numbers in the variable are used only to classify the data.
Which of the following is a measure of degree of association?
By default, all variables fall in one of the four scales.
In ratio scale, variables can be systematically added, subtracted, multiplied and divided.
The Chi Square statistic compares the tallies or counts of categorical responses between two (or more) independent groups.
After we use the original data to calculate the difference scores for a paired t-test, we no longer need the original data for the paired t-test calculations.
If all points cluster in an ascending line this would suggest there would be a strong positive relationship
Which among the data is a sample?
The error deviations within the SSE statistic measure distances:
It is difficult to do flexible modelling with non-parametric tests, for example allowing for confounding factors using multiple regression.
Visually represent the frequencies with which values of variables occur.
You obtained a significant test statistic when comparing three treatments in a one-way ANOVA. In words, how would you interpret the alternative hypothesis HA?
Create a Scatter Chart of the data. Is it necessary to create a scatter chart?
The number of rows in which total variance in a two way ANOVA partitioned is..
It is a measure of the strength and direction of association that exists between two variables measured on at least an interval scale.
Descriptive Statistics can be used to highlight potential relationships between variables.
In this, the hypotheses are not about population parameters
What is the average of scores of the subject Mathematics?
If we hold all other factors constant, then as the error term of a t-statistic becomes greater
ANOVA tests in statistics packages are run on parametric data.
It is the difference between lowest and highest value.
Parametric tests can provide trustworthy results with distributions that are skewed and nonnormal
Members of the population do not have equal chance of being selected.
It is rare to find perfect correlation (+1 or -1).
The null hypothesis for all chi-square tests asks whether the observed number of cases in a sample what we expect from knowledge of the population.
Statistics help predicts the future course of action of the phenomena.
The only permissible aspect related to numbers in a nominal scale is “counting.”
It is a measurement where the difference between two values is meaningful.
It is most commonly applied when the test statistic would follow a normal distribution if the value of a scaling term in the test statistic were known.
Valid for both non-Normally distributed data and Normally distributed data
The t-statistic rests on the underlying assumption that there is the normal distribution of variable and the mean in known or assumed to be known.
Statistics is only the science of uncertainty and not the technology of extracting information from data.
It refers to a family of continuous probability distributions described by the normal equation
It is often based on statements of statistical significance and probability.
In this level of measurement, the observations, in addition to having equal intervals, can have a value of zero as well.
Descriptive statistics are typically distinguished from ____________________________.
The _______, ___________ and ____________ are the three commonly used measures of central tendency
If I want to compare the performance of a particular group to an established, accepted average but information about the population standard deviation is not available. I should
The degrees of freedom for a chi-square goodness-of-fit test are calculated as N-1.
It arise out of the fact that sampling naturally incurs sampling error and thus a sample is not expected to perfectly represent the population
It assesses whether an association exists between the two variables by comparing the observed pattern of responses in the cells to the pattern that would be expected if the variables were truly independent of each other
By what alternative name is Pearson's Correlation Analysis also known?
Stratified sampling improves the accuracy and representativeness of the results by reducing sampling bias.
A low standard deviation indicates that the data points tend to be close to the mean of the data set.
As the number of observations increases, the t-distribution looks more like the standard normal distribution.
Since a term including the standard error is added to and subtracted from the mean, if the standard error is smaller a smaller product will be added to and subtracted from the mean.
A t-test compares means, while the ANOVA compares variances between populations. You could technically perform a series of t-tests on your data
Mean may be influenced profoundly by the extreme variables called _____________________.
Descriptive Statistics are used to present _______________ descriptions in a manageable form.
These are important in statistics and are often used in the natural and social sciences to represent real-valued random variables whose distributions are not known.
It varies according to changes in other variables.
It is a measure of where the "middle fifty" is in a data set
The company you are working for wants to improve sales. Past sales data indicate that the average sale was P100 per transaction. After training, recent sales data (taken from a sample of 25 salesmen) indicates an average sale of P130, with a standard deviation of P15. Did the training work? Use alpha level at 5%.
Use this test to compare differences between two independent groups when dependent variables are either ordinal or continuous.
The ______ sum of squares measures the variability of the observed values around their respective treatment means.
It is a single value that attempts to describe a set of data by identifying the central position within that set of data.
The goal is to apply the ______________ to a more general population, assuming the sample size is large enough and the sample representative enough of the broader public.
In a chi-square test, the "expected" counts are the values we expect if there is an association between the variables.
Residual plot in regression analysis is used to mean plot of regressors
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