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Focuses on the strategic planning, implementation, and control of hospitality operations to provide high-quality guest experiences, maximize revenue.
ISO 9000 is an internationally recognized standard of west.
Davis and Meyer (1999) predicted the emergence of powerful consumer groups, made up of very large numbers of like-minded people.
Assessing the organization's internal strengths and weaknesses, and comparing them with external opportunities and threats(a SWOT analysis).
The planned and effective introduction of new systems.
Wealth and fashion are the powers that drive the forces of supply for goods and services, while invention enables or constrains demand.
The term ‘supply management’ is now about 25 years old, having being coined in the early 1980s by consultants (Houlihan, 1992) in various parts of North America and Europe to crystallize the concept of managing an organization in the light of the activities, resources and strategies of other organizations on which it relies.
Operations are regionally divided but with product or process plant strategies for each site. Each site can thus serve the rest of the world.
The third era (the current and, for the foreseeable future at least, the likely scenario) is more difficult to name and has been called various things.
Japan’s largest consumer electronics company will spend $330 million on a Chinese R&D center, boosting the number of engineers from 110 to 1500 by 2005.
In some industries (for example, automobiles and market sectors within high-tech), two-way collaboration involving operations managers between two or more organizations is now commonplace. This is seen as a means to develop best practice and is often a central feature of innovation.
Managing human resources as part of strategic operations management is difficult for many firms.
Examining changes in the environment, the industry and searching for links with other firms, including supplies.
As firms move internationally, therefore, the strategic checklist changes. In order to succeed with such investments it is necessary to do one of the following:
In the 1950s there was great enthusiasm for the ‘lights out’ factory.
Corporate value-adding chains are located to exploit optimal resources and strategic capability. Global logistics, global sourcing and global brands.
Exploring and selecting the most suitable response to the environmental triggers that fit the strategy and the internal resource base/external technology network.
One lesson which emerges consistently when looking at high-performance organizations is their commitment to training and development.
There are problems with inventory ‘stock-outs’: EXCEPT.
The management and organization of the workforce within the organization.
Aspects that can be experienced through the sensory system (explicit intangibles).
What does EOQ stands for in Strategic Operations Management?
Capacity has clear strategic consequences, but it is also linked to day-to-day scheduling.
One of the most important areas is the design and execution of the processes through which the service is delivered to the customer.
Operates five Chinese labs, some of which have moved beyond semiconductor research. One is investigating better human/machine interfaces.
Pareto analysis is used to represent this information in visual form.
It is among a new breed of high-tech companies that’s defying conventional wisdom about how corporations ought to operate.
The need for the operations to be framed in a strategy is brought to the fore.
It is not a specific type of process type; it depends fundamentally upon the transformation process.
Process capability is what the customer sees and feels.
Allocating resources and setting objectives so that the strategy can be monitored, and success and failures fed back on an ongoing bases.
The archetype in the multi-brand context has more than one concept to manage but does so by applying almost identical ‘rules of the game’ to them all – namely, tight cost controls, standards conformance and revenue growth.
In Japan, the tiers are not marked (and not documented). Elsewhere, they do not exist, simply because the historical development of firms has been more autonomous.
Searching the environment for technical and economic clues to trigger the process of change.
Successful organizations do not happen by accident, they have a clear and thought-out sense of direction, and can mobilize support for their strategic goals.
Defect is failing to deliver what the customer wants.
The __________ and _________ process is one of responding to demand for products and services from within the organization by providing the necessary resources to specification.
Local learning is the juxtaposition of company-owned and franchised units encourages benchmarking across the two, thereby creating a climate of friendly competition, with each trying to outperform the other.
A line process becomes more appropriate as the volume of a particular product increases, leading to greater standardization than in low batch volumes.
A process layout is used where a product may be heavy, bulky or fragile and in this approach operators come to the product itself.
It is used where a product may be heavy, bulky or fragile and in this approach operators come to the product itself.
It describes the particular types of clients for whom the service management system is targeted.
Taylor’s model became the blueprint not only for the mass production factories of the 1920s and 1930s, but also for many other types of business.
There are two key reasons why quality has become strategic.
It is commonplace to hear managers and chairmen of companies say that ‘people are our biggest asset’.
Organizational congruence is the extent to which all managerial levels within the firm share a common vision and work together towards a common purpose.
The external management of relationships with suppliers to ensure the effective and efficient supply of inputs.
The final area in which there are significant future challenges for the strategic operations manager in managing the innovation process lies in the concept of ____________________.
A strategic decision can profoundly alter, and have major consequences for, the firm.
Observers of Japanese industrial structure coined the term ‘first tier’ to describe the powerful, large suppliers that supported the household name manufacturers of cars, consumer durable and capital equipment that were such a part of Japan’s revival in the post-war period.
There are four key reasons why quality has become strategic.
Home country operations with global sourcing, marketing and distribution. Product or process plant strategy.
the way in which meetings are organized and decisions taken.
The juxtaposition of company-owned and franchised units encourages benchmarking across the two, thereby creating a climate of friendly competition, with each trying to outperform the other.
Focus is concerned with what the organization chooses not to do itself – and must therefore obtain from its supply network.
The strategic management of supply is a critical part of managing the operations of an organization, and may represent the most critical part.
One of the fundamental flaws in the Ford/Taylor model was the assumption that it represented the ‘one best way’.
Commitment to training and, development, Embedding a learning cycle, Measurement, Continuous improvement culture
Strategic leadership, Shared planning processes, Policy deployment, Information sharing, Employee ownership
Becomes more appropriate as the volume of a particular product increases, leading to greater standardization than in low batch volumes.
Two developments have fundamentally affected the way in which purchasing is positioned as part of the supply process: __________________ and _________________ of business organizations.
What does JIT stands for in Strategic Operations Management?
In project manufacturing environments, the nature of the products is often large-scale and complex.
Many Western firms have tended to view inventory management as a ‘tac-tical’ activity – this same ‘tactical’ attitude has also applied to operations management in general.
All operations have to hold levels of inventories. The typical reasons for this are (Waters, 2003, p.7): EXCEPT.
In a fixed layout, a plant or service location has specific activities or machinery grouped together.
As can be seen from the Toys’R’Us case, having stock-outs or zero-inventory for customers is acceptable.
The copper traders in Ur may have paid the merchants from Dilmun (Bahrain) for minerals from Makan (Oman), and considered they were doing business over great distances.
In 1931, Walter Shewhart wrote a book based on his experience in the Bell Telephone Laboratories entitled The Economic Control of Manufactured Products
An important concern for operations managers is inventory.
It is concerned with those activities that enable an organization to transform a range of ten strategic operations management basic inputs into outputs for the end customer.
Training and development has two contributions to make. First, of course, it equips people with the necessary skills and capabilities for understanding and operating equipment or processes.
Nearly one-third of the survey participants (31.2 per cent) said that, in their companies, the manager is ‘most responsible’ for value-chain-improvement initiatives. Another 33.6 percent indicated that responsibility rested at the mayor level.
The adaptation or renewal of the organization’s processes or outputs to ensure they adapt to changes in the external environment
Employment security, Choosing the right people, Valuing and rewarding them, Wage compression, Symbolic egalitarianism
The less programmed and more uncertain the tasks, the greater the need for flexibility around the structuring of relationships (Preece, 1995).
The mass production era or the third major era is known as mass production, although once again its principles were by no means restricted to manufacturing.
During the 1990s, supply strategists began to realize that they had, in general, too many suppliers.
Organizational structures are not influenced by the nature of tasks to be performed within the organization.
In a business sense, holistic means ‘seeing the whole’ in terms of where the business is positioned.
ISO 9000 is an internationally recognized standard of quality.
It is already possible for Internet users to exchange goods using ‘e-credits’, which perform the same function as money but have no value except on the Internet.
Having the ability to create some aspects of technology in-house – through R&D, internal engineering groups, etc
Drucker is not being critical of his ancestors, nor is he accusing them of not being innovative, nor is he stating that such an approach was ‘wrong’.
Entrepreneurial area managers are responsible for a single concept, also tightly branded, but are expected to develop the potential of each unit as a business.
Critical to quality is the attributes most important to the customer.
Expanding mobile phone research while helping Chinese government researchers devise an advanced 3G wireless standard for use worldwide is Matsushita.
The second challenge for the future lies in the area of ________.
Geographic density is the number of units in an area relative to the size of the area.
Just started work on a large, basic research center in Shanghai. The facility will also assist in GE’s procurement of Chinese-made plastics and other materials.
In this layout, machines are dedicated to a particular product or a very similar small range of products and each stage of manufacture is distinct from the next.
Product market, product and process plant strategies employed, providing global products as well as global brands.
Franchise operators model themselves on company run units, thereby encouraging the adoption of system-wide standards.
In 1950, Walter Shewhart wrote a book based on his experience in the Bell Telephone Laboratories entitled The Economic Control of Manufactured Products
Job scope is the extent to which units within an area are identical or not.
The selection of the right approach to producing goods or delivering service.
An ABC analysis is a surprisingly accurate, although simplistic, approach to managing inventory.
_____________ of operations and markets leads to further challenges for positioning supply management.
Corporate staff services developed to support operations are exposed to market conditions when franchisees can opt out of utilizing these services.
Inventory is not about ‘buying things’; rather, its management goes right to the core of world-class practice in both manufacturing and services, and it is used as a key parameter in assessing capabilities.
Stratification used to identifying different levels of problems and symptoms using statistical techniques applied to each layer.
High volume was an issue here, and managing capacity is common to both manufacturing and service elements in ensuring the total provision to end customers.
Specification that describes the benefits offered by the service.
ISO 9000 can offer a framework for showing company.
Appropriate organization design, Job and work organization design, Devolved decision making, Supportive communications
The ‘business manager’ is responsible for more than one brand and applies creative solutions to each of their units within the context of over-arching policy guidelines and marketing strategies.
The practice of buying and selling is one of the oldest ‘professions’ in the world.
Unit conformity is the range of tasks and responsibilities at area management level.
As volume begins to increase, either in terms of individual products (i.e. total volume) or in the manufacture of similar ‘types’ or ‘families’ of products (i.e. greater number of products in any one group or family), the process will develop into batch manufacture.
Team working, Cross-boundary working, Participation and involvement, mechanisms, Stakeholder focus and involvement
Supply management does not have a significant role to play in focusing operations.
It is the globalization impacts on operations management in a number of ways, EXCEPT:
Our case had a small employment base but their input was critical.
Capacity management is based on understanding the specific characteristics of volume, variety, variation, variability, predictability and perishability.
Any ‘learning organization’ will not require the continual discovery and sharing of new knowledge.
The way in which the service concept and service package are actually delivered to the consumer.
The ______ and ______ model enables the supply strategist to define the role of the purchasing process and the function (i.e. the department).
Quality is not an option in most walks of life.
The ‘traditional’ line process, which mass-produced one product in high volume, clearly fails to meet the requirement of variety.
Control charts use SPC information to start the analytical process off, asking why these errors occur at this time.
Ensuring a good fit between the overall business strategy and the proposed change – not innovating because it’s fashionable or as a knee-jerk response to a competitor.
Database management has been very concerned with managing costs, but this important element of responsibility has changed recently to the management of value.
In manufacturing, job processes are used for ‘one-off’ or very small order requirements, similar to project manufacture.
Putting those new routines in place-in structure, processes, underlying behaviors, etc.
Transferring technology from various outside sources and connecting it to the relevant internal points in the organization.
It is one of the big challenges in contemporary organizations, and it is likely to become even more so in an environment where organizations need to re-invent themselves on a continuous basis.
It is an element of mass customization.
Focus is essentially about deciding which businesses and markets the firm wants to be in and then ensuring that strategic resonance occurs between this intention and operations capabilities.
The latest process technology can be bought and accumulated, but human skills are more complex.
Layout where a plant or service location has specific activities or machinery grouped together.
Although there is scope for individual activity, one of the main advantages in working in organizations is to benefit from the team effect.
Adjusting demand to better match supply is called demand management.
The franchisee’s closeness to their market enables the firm to learn quickly about local market conditions.
It is not common to hear supply strategists speak of ‘tier-half’, referring to suppliers to whom so much responsibility (e.g. for design and production) has been given that they must be seen as not entirely separate from the customer.
Managing development projects for new products or processes from initial idea through to final launch.
In the _____ 1990s, GSK (in its former name of SmithKline Beecham – SB) put in place a worldwide IT system that allowed any budget holder in the corporation, anywhere in the world, to find the best buy for any item, and to understand the corporate policy associated with the purchase they are about to make.
Hybrid firms have a more diverse source of new ideas and alternative range of screening processes than those available to firms operating within one business format.
This is used when a process can (or must) run all day for each day of the year, on a continuous basis.
In a product layout, machines are dedicated to a particular product or a very similar small range of products and each stage of manufacture is distinct from the next.
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