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It deals with what choices people make, what factors influence their choices and how their decisions affect the goods markets by affecting the price.
Stocks, bonds, and other financial assets are examples of capital/ resources.
This _______ is individual that trade goods or services for money and then use this money to buy the goods or services that they wish to acquire.
_______ is making current products available for the workers to consume in the meantime.
_______ was the successor to Walras at the University of Lausanne whose name has been associated with the basic criteria used as a measure of efficiency.
_______ considers social welfare function, which although still problematic along positivist grounds, provided a framework for ranking different social states on the basis of a configuration or profile of individual preferences.
_______ considered that claim to residue refers to residual rights of control with the implication that those with claims regarding the ownership of residue are the contractual controllers in respect of actions concerning the assets and have the final decision and also that they bear operational profits and losses independently.
Education is a human capital determinant of individual ________ either directly or indirectly.
Cost of capital includes the cost of capital goods and since they must be constructed before they can be used, part of the cost of capital is interest over the period of time between the moment when work was done in constructing capital goods and the time when they are producing a stream of output.
International market is taken into account where the demand for a product includes both domestic and foreign demand.
Dynamic change can also involve an increase in total welfare in the ________ insofar as greater use of formal networks is more efficient and effective.
_______ consists, in essence, in employing labor now in a way which will yield its fruits in the future.
_______ had diagnosed the Great Depression of the 1930s as a failure of aggregate demand.
The theory of the market for corporate control was first put forward by Professor Henry G. See of the Washington University Law School in 1965.
U.S. Federal Securities Act provides control which means the power to exercise a controlling influence over a company's operational management or general and specific policies or the activity of a natural person directly or indirectly whether by voting a contract or other means.
He is largely responsible for the simplification of Bentham's utilitarian philosophy as is has come to be used as a foundation for mainstream microeconomics.
The City of London Regulations of the United Kingdom define control rights as meaning the ownership or joint ownership of 30% or more of the voting shares in a company whether or not the amount owned constitutes the actual voting rights.
They summarize their results that the intersection between the official lie and the private truth has created unstable welfare systems.
Scarcity implies the existence of tradeoffs wherein these tradeoffs can be illustrated quite nicely by a production possibilities frontier.
_______ and _______ argued that similar benefits accrue from international specialization and trade.
Residual rights of control are the power to make decisions regarding the distribution of the residue produced under the contract.
His idea of maximizing utility of the maximum number of people typically involves one maximum too many to be feasible.
The theory of consumer choice examines the tradeoffs that people face in their role as Producers.
Investment is making current products available for the workers to consume in the meantime.
Another of the Ten Principles of Economics is that the cost of something is what you give up to get it, one good as measured in terms of the other good.
_______ is the power to make decisions regarding the distribution of the residue produced under a contract.
This is the rate at which the currency of one country is converted into the currency of another country.
The Economic Rule is a first best policy rule for public provision where it presupposes that the government or social planner can collect revenue by using lump-sum taxes.
John Stuart Mill who held that the utilities of different commodities were not independent with some commodities functioning as substitutes or complements for each other or the consumption of a commodity affecting the utility of another commodity in some fashion.
Walras and Pareto started from observed disequilibrium and through a process of adjustments, they approached general equilibrium.
These arguments gained ground from 1980 and onwards in Swedish public debate wherein this has been conducted in a setting of some irony and with a portion of outright dishonesty.
This is a process of accumulation consists in refraining from consuming current output.
This was an analysis of how decisions were made regarding the management of resources.
Godel's proof is the boundary of the analyticity of arithmetic which was not airtight and for the Colloquium's work on general equilibrium theory wherein Carnap's invocation of ever richer arithmetical languages was problematic and would prove to be prophetic at least with regard to ________.
Individuals are assumed to select the alternative(s) that they believe will make them happiest, given the information that they possess at the time of the decision.
This local market demand for a product includes both domestic and foreign demand.
Professor Michael Jensen of the U.S. Corporate Governance Authority and the Wharton School stated that the American enterprise system has been transformed from "management capitalism" with de facto management control to "investor capitalism" where the investor exercise effective constraints on managers.
The theory of ________ examines the tradeoffs that people face in their role as consumers.
The _______ are often regarded as the first important contributors to Western culture.
Goods that are used to produce other goods or services are called _______ and are also known as inputs or factors of production.
Chrematistiks was an analysis of how decisions were made regarding the management of resources.
_______ is the best known of the early contributors to French rationalist microeconomics wherein he perceives the quantity demanded as a continuous function of the price.
The absolute price commodity is a measure of how expensive a good is in terms of units of some other good or service.
_______ is a studied human activities involved with "wealth-getting" which could be unnatural as well as natural.
A _______ buys a machine readymade pays a price for it which includes profit to the capitalist who sells it.
Social capital networks produce goods and ________ that are not a new phenomenon but they are an inevitable part of every society, ancient or modern, high income or low income.
________ is not a static body of truths, rather, it is an expression of a perspective about economic activities during a particular historical period.
_______ define residual rights of control as enterprise ownership.
He sees the invisible hand as embodied in a central planner, guiding the economy to a social optimum.
These is consists, in essence, in employing labor now in a way which will yield its fruits in the future.
The first book in Adam Smith's celebrated volume The Wealth of Nations brings up a valuation problem that is usually referred to as The Economic Theory.
_______ used only one basic criterion of social improvement called the Pareto comparison.
An _______ is said to be efficient if the economy is getting all it can from the scarce resources it has available.
Self-interest people may donate their time to charitable organizations, give gifts to loved ones, contribute to charities and engage in other similarly altruistic activities.
________ are a necessary part of a modern society, which by definition requires impersonal bureaucratic organizations of state and market that can routinely produce complex goods such as automobiles and services such as university education.
Yin Zhaoliang succinctly defines corporate control as the power exercised over the company with varying degrees of influence by shareholders or those with related benefits.
Productiveness of capital consists in the fact that a unit of labor that was expended at a certain time in the past is more valuable today than a unit expended today because its fruits are already ripe.
The theory of value treats the short period, in which the _______ of capital equipment is given and it has many applications.
Economist also uses models to learn about the world but instead of being made of plastic, they are most often composed of diagrams and equations.
Stefan Folster and Fredrik Bergstrom summarize their results that the intersection between the official lie and the ________ has created unstable welfare systems.
Market advantage is the production of a good if the individual can produce the good at the lowest opportunity cost.
This is a measurement of how expensive a good is in terms of units of some other good or service.
_______ of restraint in corporate control can be examined with regard to internal and external mechanisms.
Lenism developed the party as an organization with the totalitarian vocation of abolishing informal social networks and mobilizing the population into party-led formal organizations covering every sphere of social life.
_______ includes the cost of capital goods, and since they must be constructed before they can be used, part of which is interest over the period of time between the moment when work was done in constructing capital goods and the time when they are producing a stream of output.
________ is the study of decisions, relationships and behavioral patterns of individuals, families, organizations, industries and markets.
This _______ demand for a product includes both domestic and foreign demand.
He began his Republic with an economic interpretation of history wherein he begins by seeking the meaning of justice.
Micro-economic theories conventionally conceive of welfare as the outcome of individual ________, particularly income.
It comes to employ a particular methodological outlook where theory was understood to correspond with truth and was prior to the dissembling world of praxis called _______.
They are the one who founded the modern utilitarian framework in Economics.
Goods that are used to produce other goods or services are called economic resources and are also known as inputs or factors of production.
The process of accumulation consists in refraining from consuming current output in order to add to thestock of wealth.
Zhu Yikun considered that claim to residue refers to residual rights of control with the implication that those with claims regarding the ownership of residue are the contractual controllers in respect of actions concerning the assets and have the final decision and also that they bear operational profits and losses independently.
Self-interested people may donate their time to charitable organizations, give gifts to loved ones, contribute to charities and engage in other similarly altruistic activities.
They are often regarded as the first important contributors to Western culture.
Circular-flowdiagram offers a simple way of organizing all the economic transactions that occur between households and firms in the economy.
Economists say that these goods are the increase in the price of one result in a reduction in the demand for the other.
The General Equilibriumtheory came about in the latter half of the 19th century explicitly in the form of Leon Walras' 1874 work, Elements of Pure Economics, and subsequently with the addition of graphical representation in his 1892 paper "Geometrical Theory of the Determination of Prices".
_______ of corporate governance is mainly reflected in the market for corporate control and especially in contention for control rights.
Partnerships are the result of the extension of proprietorial enterprises wherein if proprietors establish a partnership by means of a contract they become partners.
________ provided a justification for and explanation of the activities of the rising merchant class.
It determines supply price consist of wages and profits.
In these markets, households provide firms the inputs that the firms use to _______ and _______.
_______ draws an analogy between the Principles of Maximum Energy and the Principles of Greatest Happiness.
In recent years, this is the most fundamental and loud-voiced criticism of the Swedish model pertains to its function.
This is the production of a good if the individual can produce the good at the lowest opportunity cost.
This kind of economist thinks of a position of equilibrium as a position towards which an economy is tending to move as time goes by.
Capital when it consists of un-invested finance is a sum of money and the net receipts of a business are sums of money.
This approach encourages the focus to be on individual behavior and the optimization of the welfare of the individual.
He developed an analysis of the moral system (The Theory of Moral Sentiments), then an economic system (The Wealth of Nations).
He emphasized that networks tend to be situational wherein getting a pension involves interaction with officials in a large bureaucratic organization, whereas organizing a social evening for a church depends on informal personal networks.
This is the relationship that exists between the price of a good and the quantity supplied in a given time period.
_______ is the production of a good if the individual can produce the good at the lowest opportunity cost.
The law of supply is the inverse relationship exists between the price of a good and the quantity demanded in a given time period.
India's Company Law provides that companies can take two forms, namely limited liability companies or joint stock limited companies.
He created the invisible hand idea that is one of the most fundamental equilibrating relations in Economic Theory.
Households and firms interact in two types of markets. In the markets for goods and services, _______ are buyers and _______ are sellers.
According to Mill's theorem, if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, then the private market will always solve the problem of externalities and allocate resources efficiently.
Mechanisms of restraint in corporate control can be examined with regard to internal and external mechanisms. Internal control mechanisms are also known as the company's internal governance structure.
In the theory of the market for corporate control, the conduct of takeovers by companies in that market and the accompanying threat of takeover are external control mechanisms, which can reduceagency costs.
This result has tried to modify the axioms to resolve the conflict between individual and social orderings but no fully satisfactory solution has been found.
He discussed how a judicious government can increase welfare wherein the full-fledged version of the modern welfare theory was fleshed out in The Economics of Welfare.
According to him, if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, then the private market will always solve the problem of externalities and allocate resources efficiently.
Welfare independency remains a problem for those individuals who are forced by meager economic circumstances to form their livelihood on receiving welfare.
________ represents the flows of goods and services between households and firms.
This is the _______ production of a good if the individual can produce more than the other individuals.
He argued that backward nations in the OECD were rather catching up with Sweden than Sweden lagging behind.
Opportunity cost is defined as the cost of not selecting the ________ alternative.
Zhu Yikun succinctly defines corporate control as the power exercised over the company with varying degrees of influence by shareholders or those with related benefits.
The main system of protection from income-loss and/or absence from the labor market in Sweden remains the overall social security system.
He is the best known of the early contributors to French rationalist microeconomics wherein he perceives the quantity demanded as a continuous function of the price.
He draws an analogy between the Principles of Maximum Energy and the Principles of Greatest Happiness.
_______ is characterize by a unit of labor that was expended at a certain time in the past is more valuable today than a unit expended today, because its fruits are already ripe.
Walter Korpi argued that previously relatively backward nations in the ________ were rather catching up with Sweden than Sweden lagging behind and that this was only to be expected since higher growth rates are to be expected from countries that from the outset are relatively poorer.
Jeremy Bentham draws an analogy between the Principles of Maximum Energy and the Principles of Greatest Happiness.
Anders Isaksson has been given ample room in the columns to put forward the case wherein he argues that income ________ is an ever-increasing burden on the welfare state.
_______ succinctly defines corporate control as the power exercised over the company with varying degrees of influence by shareholders or those with related benefits.
This Microeconomics may be used as a tool to aid in the decision making process.
It conceived that the Communist Party is an organizational weapon for seizing power.
_______ is positive because profits are positive though at the same time the cost and difficulty of obtaining finance play a part in keeping productive equipment scarce and so contribute to maintaining the level of profits.
_______ influence on the development of microeconomics is through the work of Leon Walras.
Firms produce goods and services using inputs, such as labor, land, and capital (buildings and machines).
_______ and _______ started from observed disequilibrium and through a process of adjustments, they approached general equilibrium.
_______ is the boundary of the analyticity of arithmetic which was not airtight and for the Colloquium's work on general equilibrium theory wherein Carnap's invocation of ever richer arithmetical languages was problematic and would prove to be prophetic at least with regard to general equilibrium theory.
Manufacturers own the factors of production and consume all the goods and services that the firms produce.
_______ is largely responsible for the simplification of Bentham's utilitarian philosophy as is has come to be used as a foundation for mainstream microeconomics.
He was the first to describe the system as a whole and to show that a competitive market economy generates a Pareto optimal allocation of resources.
He was the successor to Walras at the University of Lausanne whose name has been associated with the basic criteria used as a measure of efficiency.
This model has for some time attracted attention worldwide wherein in the golden era of welfare capitalism, it was hailed left and right for its unique combination of a capitalist ownership structure and a social market.
_______ pioneered the use of utilitarian calculus to obtain judgments about the social interest by aggregating the personal interests of different individuals in the form of their respective utilities.
The Germans are often regarded as the first important contributors to Western culture.
_______ analyzed the process by which a social welfare function might be formulated, arguing that a social welfare function is only a valid concept if it is derived from the preferences of the individuals composing the society.
Keynes had diagnosed the Great Depression of the 1930s as a failure of aggregate demand.
This version was first introduced by Dupuit (1844), in which he studied the value of a large project.
The costs of production which determine supply price consist of wages and profits.
_______ developed an analysis of the moral system called The Theory of Moral Sentiments, then an economic system called The Wealth of Nations.
The _______ and _______ refers to the phenomenon of the almost total lack of control rights or lack of direct control rights over company management policy by shareholders in publicly held corporations.
Babbage pioneered the use of utilitarian calculus to obtain judgments about the social interest by aggregating the personal interests of different individuals in the form of their respective utilities.
Economic good is if the quantity of the good demanded exceeds the quantity supplied at a zero price.
Monetary companies own the factors of production and consume all the goods and services that the firms produce.
This diagram offers a simple way of organizing all the economic transactions that occur between households and firms in the economy.
Pareto expressed it in the second edition when he proposed that welfare increases if some people gain and nobody loses.
Jevons is largely responsible for the simplification of Bentham's utilitarian philosophy and it had come to be used as a foundation for mainstream microeconomics.
This is when making choices wherein this means that individuals are assumed to select the alternative(s) that they believe will make them happiest, given the information that they possess at the time of the decision.
These are far distant system from Weber's ideal-type modern society or Putnam's civic democracy wherein many of the organizational pathologies found there also exist in other parts of the world.
Households and firms interact in two types of markets wherein in the markets for goods and services, firms are buyers and households are sellers.
United Kingdom Company Law provides that companies can take two forms, namely limited liability companies or joint stock limited companies.
The theory of the market for corporate control was first put forward by Professor _______ of the Washington University Law School in 1965.
The _______ of a capitalist who has the machine built in his own workshops will expect to receive, from sales of the final output which includes profit on the interest on the cost of having the machine built reckoned over the period of construction.
_______ continued to work on the possibility of the existence, stability, and uniqueness of general equilibrium theory in increasingly complex formal mathematical models.
He wrote a famous typology of welfare regimes under capitalism.
This is defined as the additional cost associated with a one-unit increase in the level of the activity.
This is making current products available for the workers to consume in the meantime.
_______ was substantially criticized if not undermined by the argument that interpersonal comparisons of utility had no scientific basis.
The characteristic by which goods are specified is that they have value that is purchasing power over each other for which the list of goods is quite specific.
_______ includes the decision's initial proposal and its implementation after authorization while decision control includes the examination and approval of the proposed decision and supervision of its implementation.
_______ is if the quantity of the good demanded exceeds the quantity supplied at a zero price.
The category of _______ includes all natural resources and these natural resources include the land itself, as well as any minerals, oil deposits, timber, or water that exists on or below the ground.
Arthur Montblancis the best known of the early contributors to French rationalist microeconomics wherein he perceives the quantity demanded as a continuous function of the price.
It refers to the ability to organize production and bear risks.
This mechanism is a system of side-payments which introduced to the individual alongside the willingness to pay.
They argued that similar benefits accrue from international specialization and trade.
_______ is a pioneer and advocate of social choice theory and he attacked the notion of the abstract individual subject displaying a rarefied form of social behavior integral to the history of economic theory as too simplistic.
Economics evaluates the current state of our world and to speculate on ways that it might be improved where it is an important aspect of our education.
Godel's proof is the boundary of the analyticity of arithmetic was not airtight and for the Colloquium's work on general equilibrium theory, Carnap's invocation of ever richer arithmetical languages was problematic and would prove to be prophetic at least with regard to general equilibrium theory.
This may be used as a tool to aid in the decision making process.
Absolute advantage is the production of a ________ if the individual can produce more than the other individuals.
Welfare declines if some people lose and nobody gains or if some gain and some lose, the welfare change is ambiguous, no verdict where this partial ordering was later called the Pareto criterion.
________ is the inverse relationship exists between the price of a good and the quantity demanded in a given time period.
This implies the existence of tradeoffs wherein these tradeoffs can be illustrated quite nicely by a production possibilities frontier.
This _______ may be used as a tool to aid in the decision making process.
Holistic characterizations of cultures and societies as trusting as well as thick or thin in network structures are only meaningful insofar as there is a substantial amount of ________ within a society or at least one perspective is hegemonic.
_______ is a market system in which goods or services are traded directly for other goods or services.
General equilibrium model explains how ________ used to produce a set of goods that will result in the maximum social wealth.
_______ Company Law provides that companies can take two forms, namely limited liability companies or joint stock limited companies.
It evaluates the current state of our world and to speculate on ways that it might be improved; it is an important aspect of our education.
Generic social capital is the basis of most theories of ________, for a poor, uneducated or blind person is expected to be excluded from productive networks across a wide range of welfare goods and services.
This diagram represents the flows of goods and services between households and firms.
________ approach encourages the focus to be on individual behavior and the optimization of the welfare of the individual.
Pareto analyzed the process by which a social welfare function might be formulated, arguing that a social welfare function is only a valid concept if it is derived from the preferences of the individuals composing the society.
He is the Swedish economist with a book European Dawn - After the Social Model which summarizes the neoliberal case against the Swedish model very succinctly.
_______ provides control which means that the power to exercise a controlling influence over a company's operational management and specific policies or the activity of a natural person directly or indirectly whether by voting, through one or more intermediaries such as a contract or other means.
The ________ survey found that in Russia, four-fifths to nine-tenths do not belong to any voluntary association.
This is a market system in which goods or services are traded directly for other goods or services.
The cost a capitalist who has the machine built in his own workshops will expect to receive, from sales of the final output, includes profit on the interest on the cost of having the machine built reckoned over the period of construction.
When Adam delved and Eve span, there were evidently a spade and a spindle already in existence.
He has been given ample room in the columns to put forward the case wherein he argues that income social security is an ever-increasing burden on the welfare state.
This analysis confirms a message that many Russians learned long ago that a portfolio of resources is the best way to secure welfare.
The theory of consumer choice examines the tradeoffs that people face in their role as _______.
Partnershipsare the result of the extension of proprietorial enterprises wherein if proprietors establish a partnership by means of a contract they become partners.
They produce goods and services using inputs, such as labor, land, and capital (buildings and machines).
China transactions in enterprise control rights began in 1984 in such cities as Baoding and Beijing.
The category of land includes all natural resources and these natural resources include the land itself, as well as any minerals, oil deposits, timber, or water that exists on or below the ground.
_______ also use models to learn about the world, but instead of being made of plastic, they are most often composed of diagrams and equations.
John Stuart Mill can be regarded as a ________ writer, he connects the Classical economists and Utilitarianism to the development of market oriented microeconomics.
This monetary economy individuals trade goods or services for money and then use this money to buy the goods or services that they wish to acquire.
This is the leading Swedish daily journal that has consistently in its editorial pages campaigned for social security reforms.
He took the distributional issue quite a bit further when he made two key contributions to existing theory.
The separation of ownership and control refers to the phenomenon of the almost total lack of control rights or lack of direct control rights over company management policy by shareholders in privately held corporations.
The theory of the market for corporate control was first put forward by ________ of the Washington University Law School in 1965.
This is the inverse relationship exists between the price of a good and the quantity demanded in a given time period.
This is characterize when a unit of labor that was expended at a certain time in the past is more valuable today than a unit expended today, because its fruits are already ripe.
His influence on the development of microeconomics is through the work of Leon Walras.
This is the inverse relationship exists between the price of a good and the quantity demanded in a given time period, ceteris paribus.
Regional cost defined as the additional cost associated with a one-unit increase in the level of the activity.
This _______ approach encourages the focus to be on individual behavior and the optimization of the welfare of the individual.
Total utility of society was simply the sum of the individual utilities which focuses the analysis on the ________.
_______ was an analysis of how decisions were made regarding the management of resources.
The characteristic by which goods are specified and that they have value that is purchasing power over each other wherein the list of goods is quite specific with so many actual particular objects is called ________.
This is when capital equipment is given only part of the theory of value which treats of the short period.
The _______ determine supply price consist of wages and profits.
Professor _______ of the U.S. Corporate Governance Authority and the Wharton School stated that the American enterprise system has been transformed from "management capitalism" with de facto management control to "investor capitalism" where the investor exercise effective constraints on managers.
_______ produce goods and services using inputs, such as labor, land, and capital (buildings and machines).
_______ began his Republic with an economic interpretation of history wherein he begins by seeking the meaning of justice.
This is the production of a good if the individual can produce more than the other individuals.
The comparative advantage production of a good is if the individual can produce more than the other individuals.
________ wrote that the definition of corporate controlis the authority to employ and dismiss managers at the highest level and to determine their remuneration.
There is a quantity which can be translated from one number to another by changing the unit and this is calledequilibrium.
_______ theory carried with it key foundational problems surrounding the very concept of rationality in a game-theoretic setting.
This individual trade goods or services for money and then use this money to buy the goods or services that they wish to acquire.
_______ economies are those where the rate of profit is falling in spite of rapid technical progress and miserable ones are those where the rate of profit is high in spite of technical stagnation.
In China, transactions in enterprise control rights began in 1984 in such cities as Baoding and Wuhan.
Pareto discussed how a judicious government can increase welfare where the full-fledged version of the modern welfare theory was fleshed out in The Economics of Welfare.
He is an English philosopher who laid the foundation for British Utilitarian microeconomics in his Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation.
The _______ of the United Kingdom define control rights as the ownership or joint ownership of 30% or more of the voting shares in a company whether or not the amount owned constitutes the actual voting rights.
He introduced the full-fledged general equilibrium system based on the fundamental principles of utility maximization and profit maximization.
In the theory of the market for corporate control, the conduct of takeovers by companies in that market and the accompanying threat of takeover are external control mechanisms, which can reduce _______.
This is the only consistently significant socio-economic influence wherein older people tend to have less income security.
The only part of the theory of value which treats of the short period, in which the technological stock of capital equipment is given, has any application.
Opportunity cost is one of the Ten Principles of Economics wherein the cost of something is what you give up to get it such that one good as measured in terms of the other good.
Internal control mechanisms of corporate governance is mainly reflected in the market for corporate control and especially in contention for control rights.
The production possibilities frontier simplifies a complex ________ to highlight and clarifies some basic ideas.
________ was developed by utilitarian economists such as Marshall and Pigou, taking inspiration from their predecessor Jeremy Bentham.
U.K. Federal provides control which means the power to exercise a controlling influence over a company's operational management or general and specific policies or the activity of a natural person directly or indirectly whether by voting, through one or more intermediaries, a contract or other means.
The City of London Regulations of the United Kingdom define control rights as the ownership or joint ownership of 30% or more of the voting shares in a company whether or not the amount owned constitutes the actual voting rights.
Decision management includes the decision's initial proposal and its implementation after authorization while decision control includes the examination and approval of the proposed decision and supervision of its implementation.
The purpose of which is to keep the price of a good above the market equilibrium price.
_______ was defined by Sidgwick as the system that fixes as the reasonable ultimate end of each individual's action his own greatest happiness.
This studied human activities involved with "wealth-getting" which could be unnatural as well as natural.
This welfare consists of means and needs tested benefits, which are administered at the local levels.
________ started from a pragmatic perspective, defining corporate control as the actual right to choose the members of the board of directors of a company or the majority of the members whether through the exercise of legal powers or by bringing pressure to bear.
_______ is an un-invested finance for a sum of money and the net receipts of a business are sums of money.
There is a quantity which can be translated from one number to another by changing the unit and this is called ________.
The _______ economist thinks of a position of equilibrium as a position towards which an economy is tending to move as time goes by.
Pareto was the successor to Walras at the University of Lausanne whose name has been associated with the basic criteria used as a measure of efficiency.
_______ people may donate their time to charitable organizations, give gifts to loved ones, contribute to charities and engage in other similarly altruistic activities.
Sweden has this kind of social security system where payments are compulsory.
A single largest social security system is the old age insurance for those over 20 years of age.
_______ refers to the ability to organize production and bear risks.
Egoistic Hedonism was defined by Sidgwick as the system that fixes as the reasonable ultimate end of each individual's action his own greatest happiness.
Saving consists, in essence, in employing labor now in a way which will yield its fruits in the future.
They span that there were evidently a spade and a spindle already in existence.
Industrial welfare economics was substantially criticized if not undermined by the argument that interpersonal comparisons of utility had no scientific basis.
People consume less than they desire because their spending is constrained or limited by their ________.
________ theory exemplifies how far contemporary neoclassical economics has come from a time when rationally maximizing behavior on the part of individuals was thought to be necessary for a coherent economic model.
_______ is a type of reasoning that is amenable in principle to a multiplicity of player types such as own-gain maximizes and those preferring equality.
_______ held that the utilities of different commodities were not independent with some commodities functioning as substitutes or complements for each other or the consumption of a commodity affecting the utility of another commodity in some fashion.
Commercial rights of control are the power to make decisions regarding the distribution of the residue produced under the contract.
This survey found out that in Russia, four-fifths to nine-tenths do not belong to any voluntary association.
These are taken into account that includes the demand for a product both domestic and foreign demand.
Demand is the relationship that exists between the price of a good and the quantity supplied in a given time period.
In the theory of the market for corporate control, the conduct of takeovers by companies in that market and the accompanying threat of takeover are external control mechanisms, which can reduce agency costs.
This can never be expended in a pure form.
He suggested that a perfect market economy and a perfectly planned market economy were equivalent.
They own the factors of production and consume all the goods and services that the firms produce.
This is a first best policy rule for public provision wherein it presupposes that the government or social planner can collect revenue by using lump-sum taxes.
Adam Smith developed an analysis of the moral system called The Theory of Moral Sentiments as well an economic system called The Wealth of Nations.
_______ is an English philosopher, laid the foundation for British Utilitarian microeconomics in his Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation.
This is positive because profits are positive though at the same time the cost and difficulty of obtaining finance play a part in keeping productive equipment scarce, and so contribute to maintaining the level of profits.
Mechanisms of restraint in corporate control can be examined with regard to internal and external mechanisms wherein internal control mechanisms are also known as the company's internal governance structure.
Enrico Barone led the way in developing both the conceptual framework and the theoretical tools wherein he coined the term incentive compatibility.
Stocks, bonds, and other financial assets are examples of _______.
John Stuart Mill is an English philosopher who laid the foundation for British Utilitarian microeconomics in his Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation.
The process of accumulation consists in refraining from consuming current output in order to add to the ________.
When _______ and _______ span there were evidently a spade and a spindle already in existence.
They called these taxes the welfare optimizing or improving taxes under externalities.
_______ is the result of the extension of proprietorial enterprises wherein if proprietors establish a partnership by means of a contract they become partners.
_______ transactions in enterprise control rights began in 1984 in such cities as Baoding and Wuhan.
This is un-invested finance which is a sum of money while the net receipts of a business are sums of money.
Marginal cost is defined as the ________ associated with a one-unit increase in the level of the activity.
_______ is the specific list of all the goods in existence at any moment including work-in-progressing the pipe lines of production.
________ is a market system in which goods or services is traded directly for other goods or services.
The _______ theory came about in the latter half of the 19th century explicitly in the form of Leon Walras' 1874 work "Elements of Pure Economics" and subsequently with the addition of graphical representation in his 1892 paper "Geometrical Theory of the Determination of Prices".
________ of corporate governance are mainly reflected in the market for corporate control and especially in contention for control rights.
This is one of the parts of the Swedish welfare state, which most resembles the image of a general welfare state.
Stock of capital as the specific list of all the goods in existence at any moment including work-in-progressing the pipe lines of production.
He is the famous seventeenth century scientist and mathematician, allegedly became intrigued one day when he saw an apple fall from an apple tree.
Bureaucratic organizations are predictably expected to deliver goods and services to individuals as citizens and customers.
Goods that are used to produce other goods or services are called economic growth and are also known as inputs or factors of production.
Economics is the study of how individuals and societies use limited ________ to satisfy unlimited wants.
Economists say that supplementary goods areincrease in the price of one result in a reduction in the demand for the other.
________ suggested that a perfect market economy and a perfectly planned market economy were equivalent.
He paints a vivid picture of the demerits of the welfare state in this relation.
Internal control mechanisms of corporate governance are mainly reflected in the market for corporate control and especially in contention for control rights.
The category of "land" includes all natural resources wherein these natural resources include the land itself, as well as any minerals, oil deposits, timber, or water that exists on or below the ground.
This was defined by Sidgwick as the system that fixes as the reasonable ultimate end of each individual's action his own greatest happiness.
A capitalist who buys a machine readymade pays a price for it which includes profit to the capitalist who sells it.
This a graph that shows the various combinations of outputthat the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology those firms can use to turn these factors into output.
This is for the most part not a universal system proper connected to citizens' rights, but rather best described as wage-labor based which to some extent even workfare rather than welfare wherein it is not tax financed but financed through compulsory payments on the wage to a nationally administered social security system.
This theory of trust normally treats social capital as a diffuse attribute of an individual wherein a person trusts others in many different situations.
They are the one who buys a machine readymade pays a price for it which includes profit to the capitalist who sells it.
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