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Is interested in understanding global phenomena such as economic growth, economic cycles, unemployment, inflation and international trade, among others.
Tangible things that satisfy people's wants and desires.
What is the value of total output (nominal GDP) corrected for any changes in prices.
Macroeconomics is analysis of the behavior of an economy as a nation.
Net Investment (In) = Gross Investment (Ig) - Depreciation
Complementary and Conflicting Goals
___________ is nominal wage corrected for the average level of prices.
Absolute Advantage
Compute the opportunity cost , where 10 mobile phones is to 5 Simcards.
The principle of Occam's Razor -cut away all the complicating details that do not significantly contribute to the reliability or validity of a model.
_____ applied the concept of declining returns when he conjectured in 1798 (An Essay on the Principle of Population) that the world population would eventually outgrow the capability to produce food.
When the government increases money supply faster than the economy is growing you generally end up with deflation.
Production Costs = opportunity costs of resources required (e.g., cash costs) to change prices.
An increase in income leads to a decrease in demand (the demand curve shifts to the left).
_______ is the point at which an expansionary phase ends and a contractionary phase begins.
_________ is a very small increase of decrease in the quantity of some variable.
Price Index = current-year total cost of market basket of goods and services / base-year total cost of market basket of goods and services
Negotiation cost
When many suppliers and many consumers (competitive) engaged in trade without interference from government (free).
Goods and services those are scarce. There is an opportunity cost involved in their use or consumption.
Real Interest Rate
An empirical study is a test of a hypothesis or theory using actual data
A growth rate is simply the amount of increase or decrease divided by the starting level.
GDP
_________ is the change in the quantity of total output resulting from a unit change in a variable input, keeping all other inputs unchanged.
GNP
Cartesian coordinate system is not the usual graphical representation.
Nominal Interest Rate
Economic growth is
___________, as more scarce resources are used to increase production of one good or service, production of another good or service falls by larger and larger amount.
Net Domestic Product (NDP) = C + In + G + NX = GDP - depreciation
The _____ suggested that standards of living of the poor and wealthy countries should converge on each other.
____________ cannot be used in empirical analysis.
Natural Rate of Unemployment - consistent with frictional, structural, and seasonal unemployment.
Is the number of unemployed individuals divided by the total of those employed and unemployed total labor force.
__________as the shift of the supply curve in response to a change in one of the variables assumed to be held constant under the ceteris paribus assumption (e.g., technology), holding the good's price constant.
The short-term fluctuations in economic activity we see are called business cycles.
The test of a proposition or theory using actual observations or numbers is
Contribution of increase in labor to the growth in output is the most important.
The market value of final goods and services produced by labor and property supplied by the residents of a nation during a specific period, usually 1 year.
Percentage of Change = ending value- starting value /starting value x 100.
Direction of Movement
Law of Demand Ceterus Paribus
__________ is described as a fixed-weight price index (also referred to as a Laspeyres price index), which measures the cost of a fixed basket of goods relative to a base period
_____- Aggregate Output (or National Income), Y = Aggregate Demand, AD
_____- a symptom of disequilibrium where aggregate output > aggregate demand
Real GDP - value of total output corrected for any changes in prices. Also referred to as "constant-dollar" GDP. Real GDP is reported quarterly by the Bureau of Economic Analysis
Unemployment Rate (percent) = Unemployed/Total Labor Force * 100
Contraction
According to __________, that if more of the time is spent in one activity then you must invest your resources to develop specialized tools or machines to aid me in my task.
Opportunity cost.
Business cycle refers to the physical output of the economy or _____.
Accurately describes historical outcomes, and It must make reasonable predictions about the results of future observations.
__________is the price at which the quantity demanded is equal to the quantity supplied. Other things being unchanged, there is no tendency for this price to change.
Inflation = Increase in average level of prices
The selected goods and services is called the food basket.
____________________ is measured by the money (dollar) value of all final goods and services produced byan economy during a given period of time, usually a year.
The _______ is one of the central issues in macroeconomic theory and provides the starting point for understanding the complex relationships between the various measures of macroeconomic performance and the role of government economic policy.
Determine what it would cost to purchase the quantities of goods and services in the market basket in some year identified as the base year.
If price is above the equilibrium price, what causes it to return to the equilibrium level? If it is below equilibrium, what forces it up?
___________is the amount that the quantity demanded exceeds the quantity supplied when the market price is below the equilibrium price.
Percentage increase in the average level of prices.
_______ - an economic indicator that changes before the economy has changed. Examples include new orders for capital goods, building permits, unemployment insurance claims, and stock prices.
Exchange Rate refers to the quantity of currency in circulation.
Aggregate real GDP is of limited use because it does reveal whether the residents of a given country are better or worse off.
_________ is the level of output at which the labor market is at its natural rate of unemployment.
___________ Unemployment is associated with a stable labor force in a dynamic economy
The point where the curve crosses the vertical axis is referred as ____________.
_______ is the point at which a contractionary phase ends and an expansionary phase begins.
What are the steps in solving macroeconomic equilibrium model solution method?
The __________ is a graphic representation of the market supply schedule and the Law of Supply
The best available economic measure of quantity is _________.
Disposable income to national income formula where,
Trough
_________ is the real value of the quantity of goods and services consumed by the average person, typically measured as average real GDP per person, per worker, or per family.
The GDP Deflator is described as a variable-weight price index (also referred to as a Paasche price index)
A _______is a collection of suppliers and consumers engaged in trade.
Phillip’s law
True or False: NX = X - M or Net Exports= Exports - Imports
Quantity of goods and services that can be purchased with a given amount of money.
Economic Growth
If there is no technical progress, the output per capita will be on its growth level.
Economic growth is the change in aggregate real GDP or average real GDP per person over time.
______ Latin term that used in economics means all other non-price factors that affect the amount we consume or produce do not change.
__________ Unemployment is associated with business cycles and, more particularly, with temporary downturns in the economy
Transfer Payment - a payment made for which no goods or services are provided in return. Transfer payments are excluded from _______.
Analysis of the behavior of an economy as a whole.
____________ is when we specialize and both benefit after the exchange
____________ is the real value of the quantity of goods and services consumed by the average person, typically measured as average real GDP per person, per worker, or per family.
Analysis of the behavior of an economy as a whole is ___________.
___________ is the amount of labor demanded by firms at a given real wage rate.
Increase skill from repetition
Growth models focus on the long-run trend in output, more commonly called potential or full-employment output, rather than the short-run booms and busts in which an economy cycles around its long-term trend.
When the average level of prices increases over time the economy is said to be experiencing _______________.
__________- persons in the labor who are working but are not working all the hours they are willing and able to.
GDP Deflator = All final goods and services included. Quantities variable. Imports excluded.
____________consists of transactions that are not documented for various reasons.
The inverse relationship between inflation and unemployment is illustrated using the _______.
___________ = (Number Unemployed / Labor Force) * 100
_______ the unemployment rate is negatively related to changes in the growth rate of real GDP. Moreover, output fluctuates more than unemployment over the business cycle.
The curve slopes upward and to the right of the origin and also referred to as a direct relationship is called ___________.
Percent Change in (P x Q) = (Percent Change in P) + (Percent Change in Q)
The empirical test would involve entering economic growth rates for selected countries in a spreadsheet and statistically comparing growth rates for those two groups of years.
Independent variable can be seen in the _______________ of the equation.
___________ is the increase in total cost from the production or consumption of one additional unit of a good or service.
Endogenous growth theory, first developed by _____
Structural Unemployment - unemployment that results from the normal seasonal change in aggregate economic activity.
Incentive to invest resources in developing specialized tools
Real GDP - value of total output corrected for any changes in prices. Also referred to as "constant-dollar" GDP.
Artificial barriers of Trade
What are the Three (3) Macroeconomic Goals?
We can represent a single person's decision about how many items to purchase over a year in a table called a _______.
___________ is also known as the Implicit GDP Deflator or Implicit Price
A primary measure of the health and welfare of an economy is the growth rate of real GDP, or total physical output of the economy
Employed persons + Unemployed persons = Natural Rate of Unemployment
__________as the price of a good or services increases, the quantity you would be willing and able to purchase during some period of time declines.
A line showing X and Y pair is referred as ____________.
Recurrent, systematic fluctuations in the level of business activity, often characterized by changes in growth rate of real GDP.
Production is a function of the economy's use of capital, K, labor, L, and a multifactor productivity index, A.
Understanding measures of Elasticity is critically important in Microeconomics, references to Elasticities are infrequent in Macroeconomics
The disposable income (net pay after taxes) a household receives can be disposed of in one of two ways: consumption or savings. where,
Makes reasonable predictions about the future
The Purchasing Power Parity exchange rate will often differ from the actual exchange rate.
A severe recession in both scale and duration is called _____.
It is comparative advantage or opportunity cost and not absolute advantage that yields an incentive for specialization and trade.
Okun’s law
A country should specialize in a good in which it has comparative advantage.
One of the Macroeconomic objectives is to develop better laws and government policies to maximize welfare of the society.
_________ = Total employed + total unemployed.
_________ represents a combination of percentage change and marginal analysis.
Deflation Rate = Price Index Year 2 - Price Index Year 1 /Price Index Year 1 * 100
_____________________- the market value of final goods and services produced by labor and property supplied by the residents of a nation during a specific period, usually 1 year.
Analysis of the behavior of individual decision-making units (individuals, households, firms).
What approach that measures total economic activity by adding the amount spent by allultimate or final consumers of products and service?
______________ - average output per hour of labor (e.g., total real GDP divided by the total number of labor-hours worked)
Neoclassical growth theory explains that output is a function of growth in factor inputs especially on capital, labor and technological progress.
What kind of resources in which examples are petroleum, natural gas, coal, and nonfuelminerals extracted from the ground is included in GDP in the products produced from them
___________ a legal requirement that maintains the market price above the equilibrium price.
A market is in ______________ when the quantity demand is equal to quantity supplied at the market price.
If a person produces more than a person can be presumed to consume more so is wealthier or richer.
___________ as the price of a good or service increases the quantity you would be willing and able
_______- an economic indicator that changes after the overall economy has changed. Examples include investment spending, the unemployment rate, and interest rates.
The market interest rate that is paid by borrowers to lenders.
_________ is the change in production that occurs when all resources are proportionately increased (increased by the same percentage).
__________ is also referred to as a direct relationship. As the value of X increases, the value of Y increases.
When the amount that the quantity demanded exceeds the quantity supplied when the market price is below the equilibrium price.
__________- percentage rate of increase in the price index per period.
Y = A * f(K, L ) is the formula used to measure _____.
Unfortunately the unemployment rate is not a perfect indicator of economic activity or inactivity because ___________________.
______________ is the characteristic of money or currency where it can be used as a medium of exchange for any good or service.
__________ is when many suppliers and many consumers engaged in trade without interference from government.
Things that are available in sufficient amounts to satisfy all possible needs. There is no opportunity cost involved in their use or consumption.
GDP Per Capita
_____ is measured by comparing the amount of goods and services produced with the factors (e.g., capital and labor) used in production.
Real GDP= Current year Quantities x Current year Prices
In law of demand and supply:Why is the price of gasoline usually higher than the summer and Christmas vacation than in ordinary months?
Consumer Price Index (CPI) includes
What theory goes beyond explaining specialization by individuals to justify why macroeconomics also specialize and engage in trade ?
The market value of final goods and services (i.e., sold to final consumers) produced by a nation during a specific period, usually 1 year.
In comparing growth of countries as to levels of output or income across countries we run into the problem of differences in currencies
Intangible but useful activities that are valued by people.
Gross National Product (GNP) = C + Ig + G + NX
_____- a symptom of disequilibrium where aggregate output < aggregate demand
The production possibilities curve is often referred to as a ___________.
A recession that is major both in scale and duration.
__________is the amount that the quantity supplied exceeds the quantity demanded when the market price is above the equilibrium price.
When the average level of prices declines, this is called _________.
What do you call the hours (not rendered) beyond government mandated 40 hour work week
Nominal GDP= Current year Quantities x Base year Prices
Which of the following statements are positive in nature and which are normative?
Investment is equal to the change in the capital stock plus depreciation.
The overall goal of government economic policy is to promote economic _____.
Seasonal Unemployment - stable labor force in a dynamic economy with mismatch between skills of labor and skills demanded.
Reduced time wasted shifting between tasks
Compute for the employment rate (in percentage)
The price of one currency in terms of another currency.
_____ simply means that if the labor force grows at 2% per year and capital grows at 2% per year (the capital-labor ratio in this steady state model is constant) then output also grows at 2% per year.
Neoclassical growth model pioneered by Denison
Price Stability
Comparing growth rates across countries is not a problem despite differences in currencies because growth rates are _____ of the units of measurement.
What are the two different ways that the quantity of purchases of a good can change?
_____- recurring patterns of economic expansion, then contraction, then expansion again.
Under Implications of the model, a change in the government deficit can affect the following variables, what are these three variables
Opportunity cost is:
_____- government deficit spending reduces private investment spending
Pro- cyclical
Based on the percentage you got above. If the average inflation rate last year was 8%, are you better or worse off?
Indivisibility is when some goods can be broken into small tradable quantities.
Real GDP =Value of output based on prices of some base period ("constant" dollar output) eliminates effect of inflation.
_____ - government deficits do not affect the overall level of demand in an economy. Taxpayers expect that any increase in the deficit now must be repaid later and increase their savings in anticipation.
Low Unemployment
Microeconomic demand and supply curves depend on differences in ________ prices
_____________ unemployment arising from frictional, structural, and seasonal unemployment, further as described as the unemployment rate that coexists with macroeconomic stability.
________ represent a cost to not only individuals but also the macroeconomy or reduce overall economic efficiency in that they represent an unnecessary cost of transforming resources into final goods and services.
Frictional Unemployment - stable labor force in an unstable economy. Unemployment that results from a decline in aggregate economic activity.
_________ cannot be used in empirical analysis.
Equilibrium in the labor market occurs where the aggregate quantity of labor supplied equals the aggregate quantity of labor demanded
Consumer Price Index=Only goods and services purchased by households included Quantities fixed (the market basket) Imports (of consumer goods) included.
The ___________ presented a menu of policy trade-offs
Accurately explains history
During economic contractions, when output is falling, the inflation rate also declines.
Solution: always use the previous year as the base year. Individual year deflators are "chained" (multiplied) together to produce the GDP deflator.
Peak
_______ is declining economic growth and growing unemployment.
A market is in _______ when the quantity demanded is equal to quantity supplied at the market price.
The Ceteris Paribus assumption is of critical importance.
Percentage decline in the average level of prices.
___________ by definition equal to the change in the capital stock plus depreciation.
During an economic recovery phase where real GDP is _____ it is quite possible for the unemployment rate to increase through changes in frictional and structural unemployment.
____________________the amount by which the value of a firm's finished products exceeds the value of goods and services the firm purchases
Real GDP may not be a perfect indicator of our well-being because it ignores some of the unmeasured benefits and costs of our behavior that we discussed in the earlier chapter on GDP accounting. But it is the best indicator that has been consistently measured over time.
Common characteristics in each of the relationship of two variables is that the change in independent variable X produces a change in dependent variable Y and represented in a math equation.
_______- key economic statistics that provide information about business cycles and trends in overall economic performance.
___________ = Labor Force / Civilian Non institutional Population * 100
The _______ is a graphic representation of the market demand schedule and the Law of Demand
When the price of resources in the production process increases, firms try to pass on these increases to the product price this is called ________.
The _____ test would involve entering economic growth rates for selected countries in a spreadsheet and statistically comparing growth rates for those two groups of years.
__________ proposes that the microeconomic labor-supply demand model is not oneof simply workers, but the supply and demand of efficient workers
Expenditure approach categories are;
Demand-Pull Inflation - caused by an increase in aggregate demand for goods and services.
The unemployment rate is negatively related to changes in the growth rate of real GDP. Moreover, output fluctuates more than unemployment over the business cycle.
___________ is a term used to denote a very high rate of inflation.
The fundamental method of exchange is ____________.
Nominal interest rate - expected rate of price inflation.
_____ an increase in government debt is accompanied by an increase in the foreign trade deficit (imports exceeds exports)
_____ is a function of the economy's use of capital, K, labor, L, and a multifactor productivity index, A.
Hyperinflation is generally caused by governments printing money to finance large fiscal deficits caused by wars, revolutions, the establishment of new states, or exorbitant social programs.
In exchange rates,_____ means that they fluctuate day to day according to the market.
GDP Deflator = Nominal (current-dollar) GDP /Real (constant-dollar) GDP * 100
Employed Persons - persons 16 years and over who had no employment during the reference week, were available for work, except for temporary illness, and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4-week period ending with the reference week.
The slope of a curve can be determined from a graph by dividing the vertical change in the Y variable or rise by the horizontal change in the X variable or run.
Floating means that exchange rate is steady or constant in day to day basis according to the market.
Economists use the term "business cycle" to refer to:
____________ a graph that indicates all possible combinations of two goods or services that can be produced within an economy given the full and efficient use of all available resources.
Political Science is the study of mankind in the ordinary business of life.
Counter cyclical
Nominal GDP =Value of output measured at actual prices (current dollar output). Does not correct for inflation
Labor is a service that is supplied by individuals and demanded by firms.
In Demand Curve Shifts, a change in any of these will cause the demand to curve shift to the right or left, when the demand curve is shifting to the right. The rightward shift is called ___________________.
A period of decline in total output, income, employment, and trade, usually lasting from six months to a year.
_______ increasing economic growth and price inflation.
____________ is the change in production that occurs when all resources are proportionately increased (increased by the same percentage).
Transportation cost
Comparative advantage
__________ is an advantage of a person who can produce a good or service with fewer resources than another person.
_________ is the amount of labor supplied by individuals at a given real wage rate.
____________ is a condition of constant rates of growth in economic measures. With no technological change and is represented by identical constant growth rates in the labor force, total output, and the level of capital.
___________if a person can produce a good or service with lower opportunity cost than can another
Expansion
__________ a variable that depends on the value of the independent variable(s) can be seen in the left side of the equation.
In exchange rates,_____ means that they stay at the same value as set by the government.
Another problem with the unemployment rate as a measure of overall labor activity is that the employed may not be working as much as they would like
____________ is the change in the quantity of total output resulting from a unit change in a variable input, keeping all other inputs unchanged.
__________is the measure of the average level of prices for some specified bundle of goods and services, relative to the prices in a specified base year
When the amount that the quantity supplied exceeds the quantity demanded when the market price is above the equilibrium price
Participation Rate (percent) = Total Labor Force/Civilian Population * 100
Economics is not an exact science.
___________ is a legal requirement that maintains the market price below the equilibrium price.
The following are the categories of government policies designed for long term economic growth except,
Condition that savings is equal to investment
A _______ is the opposite situation of a price ceiling.
In general, countries that have a larger investments in capital goods are wealthier and have economic growth rate.
___________ relates to the effect that a small or unit change one variable has on another variable.
Production is a function of the economy's use of capital, K, labor, L, and a productivity index, A.
______________ is a movement along a fixed supply curve in response to a change in the price of that good, ceteris paribus (everything else unchanged).
Last year you were paid Php 470 per day as office employee. This year you received a Php 25 per hour raise. By what percentage did your rate increased?
Timing
An increase in income leads to an increase in demand (the demand curve shifts to the right).
Population & wealth, Savings & wealth, Rich & Poor and Convergence, Consumption & the Golden Rule
A shift of the demand curve in response to a change in one of the variables assumed to be held constant under the ceteris paribus assumption (e.g., income), holding the good's price constant.
Recession is
__________________ - the market value of final goods and services (i.e., sold to final consumers) produced by a nation during a specific period, usually 1 year.
Exchange rates can be fixed or floating.
In methods of measuring aggregate output, ___________ is the amount of spending by the final purchasers of output.
Ceteris paribus, means
Money is a common medium of exchange and represents the general purchasing power.
Percent Change in (Q/L) = (Percent Change in Q) - (Percent Change in P).
The key theoretical advances that ___________ made were that changes in money supply and peoples' expectations can lead to any possible combination of unemployment and inflation.
Percentage increase in the average level of prices is called ___________.
A legal requirement that maintains the market price below the equilibrium price.
___________is the quantity of goods and services that can be purchased with a given amount of money; the value of money
Aggregate demand is equal to consumption plus investment plus government spending plus net exports as shown in equation. where,
___________ is referred to as the ceteris paribus assumption
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